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A passage for editorial review. A BUDDHIST MANUAL Psychological Ethics, FROM THE PALI OF THE DHAMMA-SANGANI. ORIENTAL TRANSLATION FUND. NEW SERIES. Volume XII. A BUDDHIST MANUAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ETHICS OF THE FOUETH CENTURY B.C. |l translation, nott) mabc for fl)c ^irst '§imc, from f^e Original "^ali, FIRST BOOK IN THE ABHIDHAMMA PITAKA pHAMMA-SANGANI (COMPENDIUM OF STATES OR PHENOMENA). BY CAROLINE A. F. RHYS DAVIDS, M.A., Fellow of University College, London. PRINTED AND PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY; AND SOLD AT 22, ALBEMARLE STREET, LONDON. 1900. I EDWAKD T. STUEDY, BY WHOSE GENEROUS ASSISTANCE THE EDITION OF THE COMMENTARY HAS BEEN RENDERED ACCESSIBLE TO SCHOLARS, AND A TRANSLATION OF THE TEXT TO READERS GENERALLY, THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED WITH THE CORDIAL REGARD OF HIS FRIEND, THE TRANSLATOR. ' Yani kinci dhamniain abhijahna ajjhattam athavapi bahiddha.' SUTTA NiPATA, 917. ' Api klivaham avuso iniasmiin yeva vyamamatte kalevare saRnimhi sa- nianake lokam paunapenii . . .' Samyutta Nikaya, i. 62; = A., ii. 48. * KuUupainaiu vo bhikkhave ajanantehi dhamma pi vo pahatabki, pag-eva adhamrua.' Maj.jhima Nikhaya, i. 135. ' Der Buddhismus ist die eiiizige, eigentlich positivistische Religion die ims die Geschichte zeigt.' Nietzsche. ' We shall find that every important philosophical reformation, after a time of too highly strained metaphysical dogmatism or unsatisfying scepticism, has been begun by some man who saw the necessity of looking deeper into the menial constitutiou.' , G. Ckoom Robertson. CONTENTS. INTKODUCTOEY ESSAY ''xv I. The Manual and the History of Psychology. II. The Date of the Manual (p. xviii). III. On the Commentaries and the Importance of the Atthasalini (p. xx). IV. On the Method and Argument of the Manual (p. xxvi). V. On the Chief Subject of Inquiry — D ham ma (p. xxxii). VI. On the Inquiry into Efipani and the Buddhist Theory of Sense (p. xU.). VII. On the Buddhist Philo- sophy of Mind and Theory of Intellection (p. Ixiii.). VIII. On the Buddhist Notions of ' Good, Bad, and Indeterminate' (p. Ixxxii.). BOOK I. THE GENESIS OF THOUGHTS (Cittuppada -kaiidam). PAET I. GOOD STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS CHAPTEE I. The Eight Main Types of Thought relating to the Sensuous Universe (Kamavacara-attha-mahacittani) ... 1 CHAPTEE 11. Good in relation to the Universe of Form (riipavacara- kusalam) ... ... ... ... ... ... 43 Methods for inducing Jhana : I. The Eight Artifices. II. The Stations of Mastery (p. 58). III. The Three First DeUver- ances (p. 63). IV. The Four Jhanas of the Sublime Abodes (p. 65). V. The Jhana of Foul Things (p. 69). CHAPTEE III. Good in relation to the Universe of the Formless (arupava- cara-kusala m). The Four Jhanas connected with Form- less Existence (c a 1 1 a r i ariipaj jhana ni) ... ... 71 CHAPTEK IV. PAGE Degrees of Efficacy in Good relating to the Three Kealms ... 76 CHAPTEK V. Thought engaged upon the Higher Ideal (lokuttaram cittam) ... ... ... ... ... ... 82 I. The First Path. II. The Second Path (p. 95). III. The Third Path (p. 96). IV. The Fourth Path (p. 97). PAET II. BAD STATES OF CONSCIOUSJVESS. CHAPTEE VI. The Twelve Bad Thoughts (d V a d a s a akusalacittani) ... 98 PAET III. INDETERMINATE STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS CHAPTER I. On Effect, or Eesult (vipako) ... ... ... ... 123 A. Good Karma. B. Bad Karma (p. 151). CHAPTEE II. Action-thoughts (k i r i y a) ... ... ... ... 156 BOOK 11. FOEM (nlpakandam). Introductory ... ... ... ... ... ... 165 CHAPTEE I. Exposition of Form under Single Concepts (ekaka-niddeso) 168 CHAPTEE II. Categories of Form under Dual aspects — positive and negative (duvidhena rupasangaho) ... ... ... 172 CHAPTEE III. Categories of Form under Triple Aspects. Exposition of the Triplets ... ... ... ... ... ... 220 CHAPTEE IV. Categories of Form under Fourfold Aspects ... ... ... 232 XI CHAPTEE V. Category of Form under a Fivefold Aspect ... ... ... 241 PAGE CHAPTEE VI. Category of Form under a Sixfold Aspect ... ... ... 244 CHAPTEE VII. Category of Form under a Sevenfold Aspect ... ... ... 245 CHAPTEE VIII. Category of Form under an Eightfold Aspect ... ... 246 CHAPTEE IX. Category of Form under a Ninefold Aspect ... ... ... 247 CHAPTEE X. Category of Form under a Tenfold Aspect ... ... ... 248 CHAPTEE XI. Category of Form under an Elevenfold Aspect ... ... 249 BOOK III. THE DIVISION ENTITLED 'ELIMINATION' (nikkhepa- kandam). PART I. CHAPTEE L The Group of Triplets (tik am) ... ... ... — 250 CHAPTEE II. The Group on Cause (hetu-gocchakam) ... ... 274 CHAPTEE III. The Short Intermediate Set of Pairs (c il 1 a n t a r a - d u k a m) ... 288 CHAPTEE IV. The Intoxicant Group (a s a V a - g o c c h a k a ni) ... ... 291 CHAPTEE V. The Group of the Fetters (saiinoj ana- goccJiakam) ... 297 xu CHAPTER YI. PA(SE The Group of the Ties (gantha-gocchakam) ... ... 304 CHAPTER VII. The Group of the Floods (ogha- go cchakam) ... ... 308 CHAPTER VIII. The Group of the Bonds (yoga-gocchakam) ... ... 309 CHAPTER IX. The Group of the Hindrances (n T v a r a n a - g o c c h a k a in) . . . 310 CHAPTER X. The Group on Contagion (p a r a m a s a - g o c c h a k a m) ... 316 CHAPTER XI. The Great Intermediate Set of Pairs (m a h a n t a r a - d u k a m) 318 CHAPTER XII. The Group on Grasping (u p a d a n a - g o c c h a k a m) . . . ... 323 CHAPTER XIII. The Group on the Corruptions (kilesa-gocchakam) ... 327 CHAPTER XIV. The Supplementary Set of Pairs (p i 1 1 h i d u k a in) ... ... 331 PART II. The Suttanta Pairs of Terms (s u 1 1 a n t i k a - d u k a m) ... 338 APPENDIX I. On the Supplementary Digest appended to the Dhamma-Sangani, and entitled, in the Commentary', the Atthakatha- kandarn or Atthuddharo ... ... ... 360 APPENDIX 11. On the term Uncompounded Element (a s a n k h a t a d h a t u) 367 Indexes... ... ... ... ... ... ... 370 ABBREVIATIONS. 1. BUDDHIST CANONICAL BOOKS A. — Anguttara-Nikaya. C. — CuUavagga. D. — DTgha-Nikaya. Dhp.— Dhammapada. Dh. K.— Dhatu-Katha. Dh. S. — Dhamma-Sangani. Jat. — Jataka. K. — Siamese (Kambodian) edition of the text. K. v.— Katha Vatthu. M. — Majjhima-Nikaya. M. P. S.— Maha-Parinibbana Sutta (Childers). P. P.— Puggala-Paiiriatti. S. — Samyutta-Nikaya. S. N. — Sutta-Nipata. Vin. — Vinaya. 2. OTHER BOOKS. Abh. S. — Abhidhammattha-Sangaha. • Asl. — AtthasfilinT. Div. — Divyavadana. J. P. T. S.— Journal of the Pali Text Society. J. R. A. S. — Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. M. B. v.— Maha Bodhi Vansa. Mah.— Maha Vansa. Mil. — Milinda Pa'nho. S. B. E.— Sacred Books of the East. Sum. — Sumangala-VilasinT. Vis. M. — Visuddhi Magga, [By ' printed text,' or simply ' text,' is always meant the edition published in 1885 by the Pali Text Society, unless otherwise stated.] INTEODUCTOEY ESSAY. The Manual and the History of Psychology. If the tombs of Egypt or the ruins of Greece itself were to give up, among their dead that are now and again being restored to us, a copy of some manual with which the young Socrates was put through the mill of current academic doctrine, the discovery would be hailed, especially by scholars of historical insight, as a contribution of peculiar interest. The contents would no doubt yield no new matter of philosophic tradition. But they would certainly teach something respecting such points as pre- Aristotelian logical methods, and the procedure followed in one or more schools for rendering students conversant with the concepts in psychology," ethics and metaphysic accepted or debated by the culture of the age. Eeaders whose sympathies are not confined to the shores of the Mediterranean and ^gean seas will feel a stir of interest, similar in kind if fainter in degree, on becoming more closely acquainted with the Buddhist text -book entitled Dhamma-Sangani. The English edition of the Pali text, prepared for the Pali Text Society by Professor Dr. Ed. Miiller, and published fifteen years ago, has so far failed to elicit any critical discussion among Pali scholars. A cursory inspection may have revealed little but what seemed dry, prolix and sterile. Such was, at XVI least, the verdict of a younger worker, now, alas !