English
Padasādhana Homage to the Blessed One, the Worthy One, the Perfectly Enlightened One. Having bowed to the lotus-like Buddha, The vessel of the sweet Dhamma, The assembly of virtues, the path, Served by the bees of the Saṅgha; And the wise Moggallāna Ācariya, By whom was made this concise, clear, Faultless treatise on grammar; I shall begin briefly the Padasādhana, The method of the jewel mine of Moggallāna's grammar, for the sake of beginners; By way of definition and characteristics, I shall show the vowels and so on, As they should be understood, distinctly. There are forty-three letters, beginning with "a". Corresponding to the words of the Conqueror, From "a" to the inherent "a" and the Niggahīta, There are forty-three syllables, each called a letter, as follows: a ā i ī u ū e o ka kha ga gha ṅa ca cha ja jha ña ṭa ṭha ṇa ta tha da dha na pa pha ba bha ma ya ra la va sa ha ḷa aṃ. The inherent "a" after "ka" and so on is for pronunciation. Letters are so called because meanings are expressed by them. "Aādayo" extends to "yesanto aādayo" (those beginning with "a" and ending with "e"). "Aādayoti" continues up to "binduniggahīta". The seventh case is understood in relation to the meaning of the word. Ten vowels beginning with "a". The ten letters beginning with "a" and ending with "o" are called vowels, as follows: a ā i ī u ū e o. They are called vowels because they flow or proceed. "Dasā do" continues in the three sections. Two by two are similar. Among the ten, two by two are called similar. In order, as follows: a ā, i ī, u ū, e e, o o. Similar letters are those that are alike. And the likeness is in the place of origin. The places of origin of the six letters are the throat, palate, head, teeth, lips, and nose. Among them, the throat is the place of origin for the letter "a" and the "ka" group. The palate is the place of origin for the letter "i" and the "ca" group. The head is the place of origin for the "ṭa" group, "ra", and "ḷa". The teeth are the place of origin for the "ta" group, "la", and "sa". The lips are the place of origin for the letter "u" and the "pa" group. The throat and palate are the place of origin for the letter "e". The throat and lips are the place of origin for the letter "o". The teeth and lips are the place of origin for the letter "va". The nose is the place of origin for the Niggahīta. The nose is also the place of origin for ṅa, ña, ṇa, na, and ma, along with their respective places. "Dvedve" continues. The former is short. Among those ten, the former of each pair of similar letters, short sound it is called - like a i u e o - in these, conjunct consonants and preceding vowels are seen, two final ones are lengthened, their correctness is here included = short time connection or being the last, short - likewise long - here also two two is said. The latter is long. In a ā etc., the ten that are similar, of those two two, whichever is the latter, that one is called long - like ā ī ū. Kā etc. are consonants. In ā etc., kā etc. up to niggahīta, thirty-three are called consonants - like ka kha ga gha ṅa ca cha ja jha ña ṭa ṭha ḍa ṇa ta tha da dha na pa pha ba bha ma ya ra la va sa ha ḷa aṃ = it makes the meaning clear, therefore consonants - kā etc. is said. Five fives are groups. In ā etc., kakāra etc. up to makāra, five fives are called groups - like kakhagaghaṅa, cachajajhaña, ṭaṭhaḍaḍhaṇa, tathadadhana, paphababhama. = They separate yakāra etc., therefore groups. Dot is niggahīta. In akāra etc., this letter that is a dot, that is called niggahīta = relying on a short vowel, uttered, is niggahīta. Naming rule. Sandhi is said - purisa uttamo, paññā indriyaṃ. Satiārakkho, bhogi indo, cakkhu āyatanaṃ, abhibhu āyatanaṃ, dhanamme atthi, kuto etthā’ here - vowel elision when a vowel follows. A vowel is to be elided when a vowel follows - opasilesika and ādhārasattamī, therefore, when a letter or time intervenes, the action does not occur - tvamasi, katamā cānanda aniccasaññā’ti - elsewhere also, in a compound, opasilesika and ādhārasattamī only - when the rule is in effect. In the seventh, of the former. When the seventh is indicated, the rule is of the former only, therefore elision of the former vowel - purisuttamo, paññindriyaṃ, satārakkho, bhogindo, cakkhāyatanaṃ. Abhibhāyatanaṃ, dhanammatthi, kutettha. Because the action is prescribed for the former, it is understood that the latter is indicated by the seventh, therefore the re-statement of the latter is also appropriate - so ahaṃ, cattāro ime, yato udakaṃ, pāto evaṃ’ here - ‘‘vowel elision when a vowel follows’’ is in effect. The latter sometimes. Sometimes, a preceding vowel is elided, like sohaṃ, cattārome, yatodakaṃ. What about pātoca? For example? Paññindriyaṃ. The rule applies to all conjunctions. Tassa idaṃ, tassa idaṃ, vāta īritaṃ, vāta īritaṃ, sīta udakaṃ, sīta udakaṃ, vāma ūru, vāma ūru. Here, with the elision of the preceding vowel, the rule "sare veti ca" applies. Yuvaṇaṇānamño luttā. When a vowel follows, ivaṇṇa and uvaṇṇa are optionally replaced by ño in order. Vaṇṇaparena savaṇṇepi. Since the word "vaṇṇa" follows, it also includes its own class, i.e., ī and ū become e and o. Tassedaṃ, tassidaṃ, vāteritaṃ, vātiritaṃ, sītodakaṃ. With the lengthening rule "byañjane dīgarassā," sītodakaṃ. Vāmoru, vāmūru. What about lutteti? Dasa ime. Because the word "kvaci" is carried over to prevent over-application, the rules are not optional but fixed. Therefore, in cases like "upeto," the option is not seen. And the rule does not apply in cases like "ci akāsi, ci akāsi," "su āgataṃ, su āgataṃ." Here, "yuvaṇṇānaṃ ve'ti ca" also applies. Yavā sare. When a vowel follows, ivaṇṇa and uvaṇṇa optionally become yakāra and vakāra respectively. With the lengthening of the akāra, vyākāsi. With the addition of "vanataragāvā gāmā," viyākāsi. Svāgataṃ, sāgataṃ. Only sometimes, like yānīdha. Te ajja, te ajja, so ayaṃ, so ayaṃ. Here, "yavāsare" and "ve'ti ca" apply. Ñonaṃ Ño optionally become yakāra and vakāra when a vowel follows, in order. Tyajja, tejja. With the lengthening rule "byañjane dīgharassā," svāyaṃ, soyaṃ. Only sometimes, like dhanammatthī, go eḷakaṃ. Here, "sare'ti" applies. Gossāvaṅa. When a vowel follows, avaṅa is substituted for go. If "ṭanubandhāneka vaṇṇāsabbassā" were to apply to everything, then with "antasse'ti" being carried over, Ṅanu bandho. That which has ṅakāra as an anubandha, even if it has multiple letters, applies only to the end. Therefore, it applies only to औ. Because of the statement "saṅketonavayavonu bandho," the ṅakāra is not pronounced. The purpose is that "ṅanubandho" is a marker. Gaveḷakaṃ. Iti eva, iti evā. Here, Vitisseve vā When "eva" follows, itissa optionally becomes vo. If. Chaṭṭhiya Of the sixth case, that which is to be done, Is understood to be the end. The substitution of "i" is thus: "It is seen, uttered, touched by the place," Thus, it is a substitute. Just like in other substitutions, "Of the ta-group, va, ra, na, For those of the ca-group, ba, ya, ñā," The "ta" becomes "va," "By the va-group, la, ya, hi, te," And the "ya" becomes "ca," Just like that. Du-aṅgikaṃ, Ci itvā, Ajja agge, Pātu ahesuṃ, Pā eva, Idha ijjhati, Pari antaṃ, Atta atthaṃ, Here, "maya, dā, sa, re" applies. Va, ta, ta, ra, gā are augmentations. These "maya, dā" are augmentations, Or "vā" with a vowel sometimes. Though augmentations are not fixed, A vowel is the augment, But "vana" and others are indicators. Otherwise, the rule for "yuk" at the beginning of a word Would be meaningless. Duvaṅgikaṃ, Cinitvā, Ajjatagge, Pāturahesuṃ, "By a consonant, long to short," Shortened. Pageva, Idhamijjhati, Pariyantaṃ, Attadatthaṃ, "Vā" is just "eva," Attatthaṃ. Six abhiññās, Six abhiññās, Here, "vā sare āgamo" also applies. Chā ḷo. For the word "cha," The augment ḷakāra comes to the following vowel, Optionally. Chaḷabhiññā, Chaabhiññā. Vowel Sandhi. Kaññā iva, Kaññā ivā, Here, when the elision of the preceding and following vowels is possible, "Saro paro" also applies. Nadvevā. The two preceding and following vowels, Are not elided sometimes, optionally. Kaññāiva, Kaññeva, Kaññāva. Prohibition of Vowel Sandhi. Tatra abhirati, Khanti paramaṃ, Sammā akkhāto, Here, "By a consonant, long to short." Of long and short vowels, Sometimes, long becomes short by a consonant. Tatrabhirati, Khantīparamaṃ, Sammadakkhāto, When an augment is present, it is short. Sometimes, just like that. Tyajja, Kathaṃ yāniva, Antalikkhe, "Long to short" is a division of the rule. Ci gaho, Tatiya jhānaṃ, Vi khopo, Here, "by a consonant" applies. Saramhā dve. From a vowel, Sometimes, a consonant following it Has two forms. Viggaho. Of the fourth and second, These fourths and seconds, In their respective groups, Become third and first, Due to proximity. The preceding jhakāra and khakāra Become jakāra and kakāra. Tatiyajjhānaṃ, Vikkhepo, Saram What? - That forest. Akarambha field, akarambha field, This is the meaning, this is the meaning, Thus it is said here. E o na in the sounds. E o na in the sounds, sometimes a becomes: Akarambha field, akarambha field - This is the meaning, this is the meaning. What is the sound? - It is 'so'. Consonant Combination. Ata yantaṃ. Tatha yaṃ. Mada yaṃ, Budhi yati, Dhana yaṃ. Seva yo, Payesanā, Pokkharaṇa yo, thus here - The dental group and va are replaced by the palatal group and ya. The dental group and va are replaced by the palatal group and ba ya respectively before ya. "Vaggalasehi te" means the groups before ya become similar to it - Accantaṃ. Tacchaṃ, Majjaṃ, Bujjhāti, Dhaññaṃ, Sebbo, Payyesanā, Pokkharañño - Sometimes it is also like this, Matyā - 'Yeti' continues in the three that will be explained. Saka yate, Ruca yate, Paṭyate, Lupyate, Salyate, Disyate, thus here. Vaggalasehi te Before ya, after the group and la sa, sometimes they become like them. Sakkate, Ruccate, Paṭṭate, Luppate, Sallate, Dissate. Sometimes it is like this -