English
The transposition of 'ha' occurs in the yakāra; guyhaṃ. Ve vā-. The transposition of 'ha' occurs optionally in the vakāra; bavhābādho, bahvā bādho. Tathanarānaṃ ṭaṭhaṇalā-. For tathanarānaṃ, ṭaṭhaṇalā occur optionally; dukkaṭaṃ, aṭṭhakathā, gahaṇaṃ, paligho, palāyati, or indeed - dukkataṃ; sometimes indeed - sugato. Saṃyogādilopo- Of a conjunct consonant, the first element, its elision occurs optionally sometimes; pupphaṃsā, jāyate’gini. Vicchābhikkhaññesu dve- In distribution and repetition, that which exists has two forms, desiring to pervade a different meaning by action, quality, or substance, is distribution; he waters tree by tree, village by village is delightful, in village after village, water. In every house a lord, He eats every flavor, He strikes every deed. Repetition is gradual, Thick at the base, subtle at the tip; If there were no difference between base and tip, There would be no gradation. (Admitting the elder first,) "Give each of you two a māsaka from this kahāpaṇa"— From "māsakaṃ māsakaṃ" repetition is understood, But from the word "kahāpaṇa" there is determination; "They flower one after another," "They ripen one after another"— This is repetition; "Which of these two halves is half of which?" "Which of all these halves is half of which?" Here too is repetition; Frequency—repetition, He cooks, he cooks, he cooks, he cooks, "Cut, cut," thus he cuts, Having eaten, having eaten, he goes, He makes paṭapaṭā, He makes paṭapaṭāyati. The elision of the case ending of the former— In repetition, when there are two, the case ending of the former is elided, One by one, How is it "matthakamatthakena"? By dividing the rule "the elision of the case ending of the former"; There is no over-application, By dividing the rule, desired results are achieved. For reciprocals from all etc.— For reciprocals, from all etc., there are two, and the case ending of the former is elided; Eating each other, Eating one another. Until enlightenment, in excitement— Showing the cause of ruin quickly is excitement, When that is the case, as many words as are used by which that meaning is understood, so many words are employed; Snake, snake, snake, Awake, awake, awake, The monastic community is divided, the monastic community is divided. Frequently— This is a general rule until the end of the chapter, Therefore there is no over-application, and desired results are achieved. Thus ends the first chapter in the Moggallāna grammar commentary. In dual, dual, singular, and plural, from nouns: si, yo, aṃ, yo, nā, bhi, saṃ, smā, hi, saṃ, smiṃ, su— These have two each from nouns occurring in dual, dual, singular, and plural meanings; Muni, munayo, Muniṃ, munayo, Muninā, munīhi, Munissa, munīnaṃ, Munismā, munīhi, Munissa, munīnaṃ, Munismiṃ, munīsu, Thus maidens and youths, Girls and girls; These are seven groups, Seven inflections; Making a division, an inflection, Here, the "i" and "ī" sounds, Are like "what did you see?" They are indicative. The second case is in the object. That which is done, Is related to the agent's action, Is the object; In it, the second case occurs; He makes a mat, He cooks rice, He sees the sun, The rice is cooked; From the word "rice," Objecthood is not apparent, What then? From the verb; He makes a mat, Large and beautiful; Objecthood exists, Even with a qualified attribute; Even in the desired, Objecthood is established, With the second case; He milks milk from the cow, He drives the cow to the cow-pen, He confines the cows to the pen, He asks the boy the way, He begs a cow from the cow-owner, He gathers fruits from the tree, He tells the doctrine to the disciple, He instructs the disciple in the doctrine. Thus, even in the undesired; He leaps over the snake, He eats the poison; Where it is neither desired, Nor undesired, There too, the second case is established; Going to the village, He approaches the foot of the tree, He lies down on the earth, He dwells in the village, He sits in the middle of the tree; In the usage of adhi-sī, -ṭhā, -āsa, Desire for objecthood, In the locative sense. Cases arise from the desire to express; As for example: The clouds flash, The clouds flash, The cloud flashes, In the cloud it flashes, By the cloud it flashes. Likewise, in abhiniviśassa vā, He is intent on the doctrine, Or in the doctrine; Similarly, with upa-anu-adhi-āvasa, Regarding eating, abstaining, speaking, and desiring; He dwells near the village, He dwells along with the village, He dwells on the mountain, He dwells in the house; Regarding eating, abstaining, speaking, and desiring, What? He dwells near the village, Meaning, he abstains from eating. Even in drinking and customary practice, Objecthood is established, With the second case; He drinks the river, He walks the village; Thus, even in "if he does not touch me"; And so on. The second case is prescribed, In opposition; May the limbs of enlightenment, Be against you, Cunda; Meaning, may the limbs of enlightenment, Speak against you; But when "pati" is connected, With a verb, Then, due to its non-connection, The sixth case is in relation, And it does not speak against him. By what? He gambles with dice, he gambles by means of dice, he gambles at dice—this is the desire to express the instrument, location, or object. With continuous connection of time and distance— When time and distance are completely connected with actions, qualities, and substances, a second case ending is used for words denoting time and distance when this is understood; he studies for a month, a month is auspicious. A month is sesame-mixed jaggery, he studies for a league, a league is a crooked river, a league is a mountain; what is the point of "continuous connection"? He studies for two days of the month; the mountain is in one part of the league; having dressed at dawn, on one occasion the Blessed One, tonight the four great kings—; in such cases, the second case ending is established by the continuous connection of time words, or frequently by the reversal of case endings— When the attainment of the result, the completion of the action, is understood, the third case ending is preferred for the continuous connection of time and distance with the action, but that too is established as the instrument; he studied the lesson in a month, he studied the lesson in a league; but when there is no completion, due to not being the most effective instrument, the second case ending is used because it is not instrumental, he studied the lesson for a month, but he did not grasp it. Among the agents, the seventh or fifth case endings are preferred for words denoting time and distance; having eaten today, Devadatta will eat in two days, he will eat after two days, here this arrow is aimed, he shoots an arrow at the target from a league, he shoots an arrow at the target from a league—these too are established here by the desire to express each agent. In the causative of verbs of motion, cognition, eating, sound, intransitive verbs, and verbs like 'bhaj'— In the causative agent of verbs of motion, verbs of cognition, verbs of eating, verbs of sound, intransitive verbs, and verbs like 'bhaj', the second case ending is used, and by implication, it is understood that the object becomes the object due to the activity of the causative agent; he makes the boy go to the village, he causes the boy to go to the village, he makes the boy understand the Dhamma, he informs the boy of the Dhamma, he makes the boy eat rice, he feeds the boy rice, he makes the boy recite the Veda, he teaches the boy the Veda, he pleases Devadatta, he satisfies Devadatta, he makes another person worship, he makes another person pound, He has another spread it out. Why "etesameva"? Devadatta cooks rice with the help of Yaññadatta; why "paye"? Devadatta goes, when, however, Yaññadatta causes Devadatta to go, and another employs him, then Yaññadatta causes Devadatta to go - it must be "gamayati" because of the meaning of going. Or with Harādi verbs-. With Harādi verbs, the agent in the causative can optionally take the accusative case; he causes Devadatta to bring a garland, either "hāreti hāraṃ devadattaṃ devadattena" or similar, he causes Devadatta to eat barley flour, either "ajjhohāreti sattuṃ devadattaṃ devadattena" or similar, he causes Devadatta to do it, either "kāreti devadattaṃ devadattena" or similar, the king shows the people to the people, either "dassayate janaṃ rājā janeneti" or similar, he causes Devadatta to greet the teacher, either "abhivādayate guruṃ devadattaṃ devadatteneti" or similar. Not with Khādādi verbs-. With Khādādi verbs, the agent in the causative does not take the accusative case; he causes to eat with Devadatta, he causes to take with Devadatta, he causes to call with Devadatta, he causes to sound with Devadatta, he causes to weep with Devadatta, he causes to lead with Devadatta. With Vahi verbs, if not controlled-. He causes Devadatta to carry a load; why "aniyantuke"? He causes oxen to carry a village. With Bhakkhi verbs, if not harming-. He causes Devadatta to eat sweets; why "ahiṃsāyaṃ"? He causes oxen to eat crops. Connected with Dhi verbs-. The accusative case occurs when connected with Dhi verbs? Fie on me, this foul body, between Rājagaha and between Nāḷanda, without concentration, around Mucalinda, like a serpent, etc. - an exception to the genitive case. In indication, being, desire, without-. The accusative case occurs from that connected with "abhinā" in the senses of indication, etc.; lightning flashes on the tree, Devadatta is good towards his mother, he stands by each tree. With Pati and Pari, in division and-. The accusative case occurs from that connected with Pati and Pari in the senses of indication, etc.