English
" Since qualities such as clarity, which are known as figures of speech such as clarity and sound figures, arise when faults such as the faults of specific words are avoided in the order specified in the immediately preceding section, therefore, I will show, I will reveal those sound principles that adorn sounds, that cling to sound. Here, clarity as a figure of speech is achieved by avoiding defiled faults and scattered faults; the rest should be understood as they are obtained. Description of Sound Figures 117. Clarity, vigor, sweetness, Evenness, delicacy; Compactness, nobility, charm, Meaning-manifestation, concentration. 117. Now he distinguishes them with "clarity" etc. Clarity is praise, the state of being clear; vigor is the abundance of compound expressions and maturity of meaning; sweetness is the pleasantness of sounds; evenness is the relation of the four feet of a verse being of the same kind, but in prose, it is the relation of words; delicacy is the abundance of non-harsh syllables; compactness is the gravity of the bond; nobility is excellence, being associated with some meaning, and being endowed with distinguished qualities; charm is being pleasing to the whole world; meaning-manifestation is the grasping of the subject matter by a proven method or by inference; concentration is the state of having the primary meaning in accordance with worldly convention. Among these, vigor and nobility are qualities of sound and meaning, concentration is a quality of meaning, and the following of meaning is of sounds; the others are qualities of sound alone. 117. Now, beginning with "clarity, vigor," he indicates them in order to distinguish those sound figures. Clarity is like a string of clear crystals, like a red woolen thread wrapped around itself, and the figure of speech called clarity, which clarifies the meaning of sounds; vigor is a quality of sound and meaning, consisting of the abundance of compound expressions and the maturity of meaning; sweetness is the pleasantness of sounds, which is called ear-sweetness; evenness is the similarity of the feet in verse, and similarly, the similarity of words in prose. Thus, the equality of feet and words, and the delicacy of sounds, without being too harsh or too soft, and with a balanced, elevated quality, and cohesion, with the beauty of sounds arising from place and articulation, and with unbroken, weighty qualities, and nobility, with the bond being adorned by some excellent meaning, and being endowed with distinguished adjectives, and charm, with the quality of being pleasing to all, and clarity of meaning, with the desired meaning being very clear, either through proof or logic, and harmonies, with no primary meaning due to the imposition of another, non-transgressing quality that is pleasing to the world— these are the ten qualities of sound and meaning. "Harmonies" indicates the plurality of that very quality. Of these ten, elevation and nobility are two qualities of sound and meaning, harmony is a quality of meaning, and by implication, also a quality of sound that illuminates that meaning, the remaining seven are qualities of sound alone. All of these adorn the bond, hence they are called ornaments in the sentence. Description of the Purpose of Sound Ornaments 118. A bond endowed with these qualities, delights the minds of poets; It produces for the authors, fame that is exceedingly pure. 118. "Guṇehi," etc. A bond that is endowed, united, or enriched with these ten qualities, the qualities that have been mentioned, the totality of sound ornaments, delights the minds of poets, controls them at will, and causes joy in the hearts of poets; it produces for the authors, the composers of the bond, fame that is exceedingly pure, utterly purified, without even a trace of fault, a reputation of virtue. 118. "Guṇe," etc. A bond, a composition of verses, etc., endowed, possessed, or enriched with these qualities, these ten kinds of sound qualities known as sound ornaments, delights the minds of poets by its faultlessness; it produces for the authors, the composers, fame that is exceedingly pure, utterly purified because it is unmixed with even a slight fault, a mass of renown related to the subject of the composition. For this reason, the intention is that one should strive with enthusiasm to embrace the ten qualities of the bond as described above. "Delights the mind" means mano. Charming, delightful to poets, "delightful to poets" is the analysis. Description of Word Ornament 119. A series of words, Whose connection is not far-fetched, beautiful; Whose meaning is well-known, Generates clarity, indeed. 119. Now, following the order of mention, Giving their description with examples, he says, "not far," etc. "Not far," near, or by what is not far, A connection is placed, established, made, By way of words like action, agent, object, etc.; By that, beautiful, charming, Whose meaning is well-known, very clear, easily understood, Not the emotional meaning, Because of its inherent depth. For it was said: "The intention of poets, beyond the reach of words, Flashes in the word, only in the gentle; Those who have done their work enter, understanding the emotion, But those who are unskilled do not reveal such." Such a series of words, a line of words, Generates clarity, a quality of that name, produces. "As" is an example of that. 119. Now, in the order of mention, Showing the description of these word ornaments, etc., with examples, he says, "not far," etc. "Not far," in a near place, And by extension, near, Or placed by action, And by way of words like agent, object, etc., having obtained the connection of action, Or established by arrangement, A connection is made, The connection of action and factors, Having the characteristic of mutual dependence, Not transgressing the intended meaning, By that, beautiful, charming, "Well-known," because of the use of words in a well-known meaning, Very clear, the meaning of the word, Whose meaning is well-known, That series of words, a line of words, Generates clarity, a quality called clarity, produces. "As" shows the target. "Placed not far," or, Because of being treated figuratively, "Not far and placed," or, "That and that connection," and, "By that, beautiful," and, "Very well-known," and, "That meaning is," is the sentence. Here, "well-known" is the meaning of the word, But the intended meaning is inherently deep. For it was said: "The intention of poets, beyond the reach of words, Flashes in the word, only in the gentle; Those who have done their work enter, understanding the emotion, But those who are unskilled Saying, "Those are the forms." Its meaning: having become the object of the non-ear, the non-domain of sound, shining purely and distinctly in the soft word, gladdening, the intention of poets, the inner meaning of poets, because of familiarity with the meaning of words, the wise, understanding the states, enter through the understanding of the meaning of words, indeed, those forms reveal the forms of words and meanings, illuminating the intended meaning. 120. Adorning the face, The rays of the lips of the sage; Shine like the rays of the dawn, Falling into the lotus's womb. 120. "Adorning," etc. Adorning the face of the sage, the Perfectly Enlightened One, the naturally sweet and beautiful face, beautifying, the rays of the lips, the exceedingly beautiful light emitted from the pair of lips resembling ripe bimba fruit, is known as the sage, having been heard. Like the rays of the dawn falling into the lotus's womb, the beautiful lotus-receptacle, the rays of the rising sun, shine forth. 120. "Adorning," etc. Adorning the face of the sage, the naturally beautiful face, beautifying, the rays of the lips, the groups of light emanating from the two lips of that very sage, in the lotus's womb, facing the appropriate time for blossoming, in the lotus-receptacle, it is said to be half-blossomed. Falling, flowing, like the rays of the dawn, like the rays of the rising sun, they shine, they gleam. Here, based on the close connection and the well-known meaning, the quality of clarity is evident. The connection of the lip-rays to the sage is the strength of the heard connection among the heard and inferred connections [among the heard and inferred, the heard connection is strong (Paribhāsendusere 112)], or it can be obtained by the rule of the crow's eye-ball. And "rays of the lip," and "womb of the lotus" are phrases. 121. Vigor, abundance of compounds— This is the life of prose; In poetry, unconfused is this, Lovely, as desired by the lover. 121. "Vigor," etc. Having translated "abundance of compounds" as "prevalence of single-meaning words," then vigor is prescribed again, this vigor... This is the essence, the heart, the life of prose, characterized by an abundance of compounds, because of its prominence in prose, not in verse. This is vigor, uncluttered, not dense, exceedingly lovely, heart-stirring, desired and employed in verse as well, not only in prose. For example: 121. Now, he shows the quality of vigor, beginning with "vigor." Vigor is the abundance of compounds, the prevalence of compound words having the characteristic of words functioning in different meanings having a single meaning. This vigor is the life, the heart of prose, of prose composition; the mind, known as the heart, is said to be the essence of life. This vigor is uncluttered, unconfused, lovely, and therefore dear to the wise; it is desired and employed by poets even in verse composition. Abundance is the state of being abundant; the analysis is "the abundance of compounds." Because there is no discussion of prose composition, he shows the characteristic of the quality of vigor in the subject of verse, beginning with "for example." 122. An under-lip, like a tender shoot, of that very Sage, not quite so white, though touched and tinged, by the smile that spread, a gentle, moon-like, sandalwood perfume.