English
, in the teachings of the Jina, if applied elsewhere with unfamiliar names, this pair, in due order, constitutes opposition to the world and opposition to the teachings, and is thus included within the fault of opposition. Because it requires a cause, and because it is the cause to be brought, it is included within the fault of needing to be led, and thus it is not mentioned. "May the god remove the affliction, the sun is distressed by Rāhu," Such statements are included within the fault of lacking propriety, such as ineffective expression, and thus it is not mentioned. Here, the sun, himself seized by Rāhu, is incapable of removing the afflictions of others, and this incapacity is known through the qualifying word "distressed by Rāhu." The three, disgust, inauspiciousness, and indecency, or another meaning or expression that indicates them, or is vulgar because it causes displeasure, is included within the fault of vulgarity of sentence meaning, and thus it is not mentioned. A characteristic of difficult pronunciation, being harsh due to its binding nature, is inseparable, and thus it is not mentioned. "He brought Hari," when it should be said "He brought Risa," etc., because it is deviated from the desired meaning, it is deviated, and "Sakka with a thousand cows," etc., is obscurely applied in an unestablished context, and these faults of meaning, such as obscurity, are abandoned by the acceptance of clarity, which is contrary to the embellishment of clarity, and thus it is not mentioned. Here, a thousand cows, eyes, or horses, "sahassagū," is a hidden name for Sakka. Even among sentence faults, the sentence with broken sandhi is not mentioned here because it is not useful. And the sentence containing a sentence in the middle, the sentence-womb, and the sentence mixed with words from another sentence. "This is seen as unwholesome, he eats the doctor incessantly," Such a mixed sentence is included within the scattered, and thus it is not mentioned. Here, this doctor incessantly speaks what is unwholesome, harmful to the disease. This patient constantly eats what is unwholesome, harmful. He sees the doctor, the physician, and gets angry. Thus, a sentence mixed with many sentences is called mixed. "In the Kācu garden, I saw a creeper with five shoots; On each shoot, vainly, is a cluster of flowers." This is meaningless. It was not stated that it was not based on riddles, as it was concealed. But isn't it the case that, since the riddle was not shown by oneself, making the unrevealer an insider is proving the unproven with the unproven? Not so, for "I ignored everything, for fear of tiring the students," and above, in avoiding the fault of obscure words, "having ascended into a riddle, obscurity is not a fault," thus even the sixteen riddles specified by the ancients are shown, so it is proving the unproven with the proven. There, the poet intended to express the house with the word "garden," the woman with the word "creeper," a synonym for vines, the hands, feet, and lips with the word "sprout," and the beauty of nails and teeth with the word "cluster of flowers." Even in sentence-meaning faults, to show that the contradiction of lotuses blooming at night and so on was not stated because it was contained within the contradictory word itself, it was said, "Where is brevity used here?" but not that they were entirely abandoned. Here, when there are two sentence-meaning faults of impropriety and obscurity, when there is a sentence fault of harsh construction, when there is a word fault of contradiction, how are these four faults—the word "inexpressive," etc., the word "revealing disgust," etc., the harsh word, and the sentence-meaning of lotuses blooming at night, etc.—included in the different categories of impropriety, etc.? It is true, yet since there is no such thing as the non-faultiness of sentences and sentence-meanings when words are faulty, it should be understood that word faults and so on are included in sentence-meaning faults and so on to make students aware of the non-difference between word faults and conjunction, sentence, and sentence-meaning faults. By this very means, many faulty sentences have been shown by the ancients with words like "sentence wandering with contradictory meaning," etc., as "the sentence is faulty because it is contradictory," etc., and should be seen. In this very verse, "if that exists, it is also tiring," here with the word "other," there are also word faults such as ungrammatical, doubtful, synonymous, inferable, obscure, inappropriate, unintelligible, and vernacular, and excessive, deficient, broken meter. It also considers faults of construction, and faults of meaning, such as unequal beginnings and endings. Here, what is contrary to grammar and unskillful is called ungrammatical. Applying a word to a different meaning based on the cause of its creation is called transferred meaning. Using a word in a sense without a specific qualifier is called ambiguous, for example, "The sun is icy." Here, if the qualifier is added, "The icy sun," there is no fault. A fabricated word used as a synonym for a well-known noun is called a synonym fallacy, for example, "The mouth of a mare is the face of a horse-woman." A word expressing a quality of the qualified without exaggeration is called understated, for example, "Black ink." A word that is unnecessary, though understood, is called redundant, for example, "He crossed the extremely foamy ocean." An obscure expression is called unintelligible, for example: "Delightful sounds in your feet, what do the earrings shine, maiden?" Here, "O maiden, delightful sounds accompanied by pleasant noises shine in your feet, what do the earrings, the anklets, gleam?" A name known only in a certain region is called regional. For example: "These cheeks of yours, with restless eyes, are pools of loveliness." O you with restless eyes, these cheeks of yours are pools of loveliness, special reservoirs of delight. Using more words than necessary to express a meaning already implied is called excessive. For example: "In you, O king, shines the refuge of heaven for enemies; The hand without bracelets, the eye without collyrium, of women." Here, the widowhood of women is already implied by "the hand without bracelets, the eye without collyrium," so the phrase "refuge of heaven" is excessive. A sentence lacking what should be said is called deficient. In "The jewel of the three worlds, the sage," the word "I worship" is missing, so it is deficient. What is inconsistent with meter is called broken meter. This is evident from the excess or deficiency of syllables in the calculation of various meters. What is unequal from beginning to end is called unequal beginning and ending. This is begun. Having abandoned lust, they should be known as controlled by other desires. Here ends the first chapter in the Subodhālaṅkāra treatise. 2. Description of the Chapter on Understanding the Avoidance of Faults 68. Sometimes, by the skill of the poet, all this contradiction, Transcending the number of faults, enters the path of virtues. 69. Therefore, how there may be non-contradiction of the stated contradictions, Thus, the understanding of the avoidance of faults is now introduced. 68-69. Thus, having distinguished the division of faults, now, to teach the method of avoiding the aforementioned faults, he says, "sometimes," etc. All this contradiction, from contradictory meanings, etc., is not just one among the faults, or the number of faults, surpassing the enumeration, the state of being a fault, enters the path of virtues, the state of virtues, the nature of virtues, sometimes, not always. Because of the skill of the poet, the one who uses it, the characteristic of expertise in grasping such subjects, not just anyhow. "Therefore," etc. Just as it is, therefore, for the stated contradictions of contradictory meanings, etc., how, in what way, non-contradiction, faultlessness, may be, thus, in that way, the avoidance of faults, the removal, is understood, is known by this, therefore, understanding, its understanding, the chapter named after it is now introduced, brought forth, is said, is the meaning. 68-69. Thus, having distinguished the division of faults, now, beginning for the sake of avoiding the aforementioned faults, he says, "sometimes," etc. All this contradiction, beginning with word faults, surpassing the number of faults, the enumeration of faults, or among the faults, the state of being a fault, sometimes, by the skill of the poet, by the sharpness of intellect characterized by familiarity with grammar, lexicon, metrics, and rhetoric, because it enters the path of virtues, the state of virtues, only the nature of virtues, therefore, how there may be non-contradiction, non-contradictoriness, of the stated contradictions of word faults, etc., thus, in that way, the understanding of the avoidance of faults related to the aforementioned word faults, etc. Because it is the cause of understanding the removal of faults, this chapter named after it is now introduced, and will be spoken when the opportunity arises. The faults mentioned previously attain faultlessness through the poet's skill, and the intention is to give instruction on that skill. Description of Removing Faults of Words There, the removal of contradictory meaning is as follows: 70. Finding joy in the ripened rice, Joy from the sight of fine rice; How then can this clear cloud, Bring happiness to the people? 70. "Vindantaṃ," etc. How can this clear cloud, bring happiness to the people who find joy, mental happiness, from seeing rice that is ripe, suitable, or pleasing, or red rice and other kinds of rice? Here, the non-bestowal of happiness on such people is fitting for a poisonous cloud, and thus the contradictory meaning is removed. 70. There, the removal of contradictory meaning is as follows: "Vindanti," etc.