English
it is built, they are built, he built, they built, he built, he built, they built, they built, he will build, they will build, he will build, they will build, and so on. Mū, in binding, he binds. Lū, in cutting, shortening (of the vowel), he cuts, they cut. In the passive, it is cut, they are cut. In the causative, he causes to cut, they cause to cut. In the passive, it is caused to be cut, and so on. The Kyādi group is finished. The Tanādi group Now the Tanādi group is spoken of. Āpa, Kara, Tana, Saka. 680. From the Tanādi group. After the Tanādi (roots), the suffix 'o' occurs. He stretches. Āpa, in reaching, with 'pa' as prefix. Of the end of the root, doubling and shortening. He reaches, they reach. In the passive, it is reached, they are reached. In the causative, he causes to reach, he causes to reach. In the passive, it is caused to be reached, they are caused to be reached, and so on. Kara, in doing, he does, they do. In the passive, it is done, they are done. Where the rule 'Tavaggavaraṇānaṃ ye cavaggabayañā' applies, of the end of the root, the change to 'ya'. It is done, they are done, they are done, it is done, they are done. In the causative, he causes to do, he causes to do, they cause to do, they cause to do, he causes to cause to do, he causes to cause to do, they cause to cause to do, they cause to cause to do. 681. Of Kara, of the 's', 'kuṃ' (becomes). Of Kara, accompanied by 'o', 'kuṃ' becomes when 'mi' or 'me' follow. Kummi, Kumma, "I do reverence to the master," "I do reverence to the Dhamma," is the Pāli (text). 682. Of Karoti, 'kho' (becomes). From the beginning, of the following root Kara, sometimes 'kho' occurs. He prepares, they prepare, he prepares thoroughly, they prepare thoroughly. In the passive, it is prepared, they are prepared. In the causative, he causes to prepare, he causes to prepare. In the ṇāpi (causative suffix), no lengthening. He causes to prepare, he causes to prepare. In the passive, it is caused to be prepared, it is caused to be prepared. 683. Of Kara, of the 's', kubba, kuru, kayirā (become). Of Kara, accompanied by 'o', kubba, kuru, kayirā optionally occur when 'nta' or 'māna' follow. And so on, by the great rule/option, the 'k' becomes 'kr'. He makes, they make, he makes, they make. In the sphere of others: he makes, he makes, they make, they make, he makes, it is made, they are made, you make, you (pl) make, I make, we make, he makes, they make. Let him make, let him prepare, let him make, let him make, let him make, "Let the venerable one make the value for us," let him make. He should make, he should prepare, he should make, he should make, he should make. 684. Ṭā [ka. 517; rū. 488; nī. 1105]. From the form 'kayirā', the 'ṭa' suffix of the following 'eyya' ending optionally becomes 'ā'. He should make merit, "If a person makes merit," "He should do it again and again." 685. Of 'kayireyya', 'eyyum', and so on [ka. 517; rū. 488; nī. 1083-4-5-6-7]. From the form 'kayirā', there is elision of 'eyya' in 'eyyuṃ' and so on, which follow. They should make, they should make, you should make, you should make, you (pl) should make, you (pl) should make, I should make, I should make, we should make, we should make. 686. Of 'etha', 'ā' [ka. 517; rū. 488; nī. 1082]. From the form 'kayirā', the 'e' sound of the following 'etha' optionally becomes 'ā'. He should make, "The wise one should make an island," "If he makes, he should make it." In forms beginning with 'ī': he did, he did, he prepared, he thoroughly prepared, he made, he made, he made, he made, he made, he made, they did, they did, they prepared, they thoroughly prepared, they did, they did, they prepared, they thoroughly prepared, they made, they made, they made, they made, they made, they made, they made, they made. 687. 'Kā' in forms beginning with 'ī' [ka. 491; rū. 523; nī. 983]. In forms beginning with 'ī', the 'kar' root optionally becomes 'kā'. 688. Long 'ā' of 'ī' [ka. 517; rū. 488; nī. 1105]. By long 'ā', 'e', 'ū', the following 'ī' ending optionally becomes 'si'. He stood, he gave, he spoke, he avoided, he developed, he made, he experienced, he was, and so on. He did, they did, in the verse, "They did the teacher's word." They did, you did. Do not you do such a thing, do not do evil deeds, openly or in secret. You did, I did, we did, we did. Though possessions were present, we made no island for ourselves. He did. "Then, with a hundred followers, the Lord did." Or you did, I did, or I did. "I did not do her bidding, the word spoken by my old father." In the causative: he caused to do, he caused to do, he caused to make, he caused to make, they caused to do, they caused to do, they caused to make, they caused to make, etc. (He) will do, (he) will prepare, (he) will do, (he) will do, (it) will be done, etc. "And for 'hara' with 'ssa'," the 'ra' of 'kara' becomes 'āhaṅa' with 'ssa', (he) will do, (they) will do, "How will the children do?" In the 'iñāgama': (he) will do, (they) will do, etc. You will do, you (pl.) will do. "I will do much good," "We will accumulate merit." In the rule 'Āīādīsū', by division of application, 'kā' also occurs in 'ssatyādi' forms, with shortening in conjunction, (he) will do, (they) will do, you will do, you (pl.) will do, I will do, we will do, "I will do a man's work." In 'ssādimhi': (he) would have done, (he) would have done, etc. Tanu - in the sense of spreading, (he) spreads. By elision of the following vowel: (they) spread. 689. The 'o' of 'vikaraṇa' becomes 'u' when followed by 'parachakka'. When 'parachakka' follows, the 'o' of 'vikaraṇa' becomes 'u'. (he) spreads, (they) spread. By 'yavā sare' (rule for 'u' becoming 'v' before a vowel), 'u' becomes 'v': (they) spread. 690. Or sometimes in 'pubbachakka'. In 'pubbachakka', the 'o' of 'vikaraṇa' sometimes becomes 'u'. (he) spreads, (he) does. What is 'sometimes'? (he) does. What is 'or'? (he) spreads. In the passive: (it) is spread, (it) is spread. 691. Or 'ā' for 'tan'. For the 'na' of the root 'tan', 'ā' occurs sometimes in 'kya'. (he) spreads, (they) spread, (he) spreads forth, (they) spread forth. "From here now they spread forth, needles and fish-hooks." He protects, they protect. In one's own power, he is able, they are able, you are able, you (pl) are able, I am able, we are able. The Tanādi group is finished. The Curādi Group Now the Curādi group is declared. To obtain, to desire, to count, to strive, to think, to perceive, to steal, to hold, to protect, to worship, to consult, to respect, to know. From the Curādi roots, the suffix `ṇi` occurs in its own sense. He steals, he steals. Preceded by `vi`, the root `āpa` in the sense of spreading, he spreads, he spreads. The root `Kamu` in the sense of desiring, he desires, he desires, they desire, they desire, he desires intensely, he desires intensely, they desire intensely, they desire intensely. In the passive, is desired, are desired. In the causative, also with `ṇā`, he causes to desire, he causes to desire. In the passive, is caused to be desired, is caused to be desired. The root `Gaṇa` in the sense of counting, for `gaṇa` and `ghaṭa` there is no lengthening due to being like Tudādi roots, he counts, he counts. The root `Ghaṭa` in the sense of striving, he strives, he strives. The root `Cinta` in the sense of thinking, there is no lengthening due to ending in a heavy syllable, he thinks, he thinks. In the passive, is thought, are thought. In the causative, he causes to think, he causes to think. In the passive, is caused to be thought, is caused to be thought. In the past tense, he thought, he thought, they thought, they thought, you thought, you thought, you (pl) thought, I thought, I thought, we thought, we thought. The root `Ceta` in the sense of thinking, he thinks, he thinks, they think, they think. The root `Cura` in the sense of stealing, he steals, he steals, they steal, they steal. The root `Dhara` in the sense of holding, he holds, he holds, they hold, they hold. The root `Pāla` in the sense of protecting, he protects, he protects, they protect, they protect. The root `Pūja` in the sense of worshipping, there is no lengthening due to ending in a heavy syllable, he worships, he worships, they worship, they worship. The root `Manta` in the sense of secret speech, he consults, he consults, they consult, they consult. Preceded by `ā` in the sense of speaking and inviting. I address you, monks. The Blessed One addressed the monks. Preceded by `ni` in the sense of inviting, he invites, he invites. In the past tense, he consulted, he consulted, he addressed, he addressed. invited, invited, invited, invited, invited, invited secretly, will invite, will invite, will invite, will invite, will invite, will invite, and so on. In honoring, he honors, he honors, they honor, they honor, and so on. In experiencing, he feels, he feels, he experiences, he experiences. After Paṭi, Ni, Pa, in declaring, he declares, he declares, he declares, he declares, he declares, he declares, and so on. The Curādi group is finished. The collection of vikaraṇa suffixes is finished. The common kha, cha, sa suffixes. Now the verbal suffixes are explained. The suffixes that form verbal roots are called verbal suffixes, or kriyattha suffixes, meaning that from them all the tyādi and tabbādi inflections and suffixes are possible. Tija, māna, kita, gupa, badha. 693. Kha and sa from Tija and Māna in patience and investigation. After the verbs tija and māna, when patience and investigation are involved, the suffixes kha and sa respectively occur. In tija-khamāyaṃ (patience), by this, the kha suffix. 694. One vowel of kha, cha, sa is doubled.