English
The state of a family's decline is `ñātipārijuññaṃ`, similarly, decline of wealth – `parijinassa` means 'of decline', 'of destruction'. O – More than a hundred, a hundred autumns, in every direction, and so on. In "It is indeed too early to go for alms," the word `pago` means 'early morning'. Thus, the collection of vowel augmentations. 50. Augmentation of `va`, `na`, `ta`, `ra`, `ga`, `ca`, `ma`, `ya`, `da`. When vowels follow, `na`, `ta`, `ra`, `ga`, and `ma`, `ya`, `da` augmentations occur. Go, to, do, no, mo, yo, ro, vo, Therein, `go` – "This person is separate from the noble ones, therefore he is an ordinary person," but here the word `pago` is `e`. va, before it is said, before it is a human female. To – From today onwards, therefore, indeed, what kind of tree is that, whose fruit has come to be thus? Do – elated, he drew out, arose, arising, uttered, risen, uttered, rising from both, having discerned both pure things, Todeyya, both seers, whatever, whoever, in whatever, as long as, so long as, again indeed, once indeed, well-proclaimed, rightly liberated by perfect knowledge, much indeed at night, there was indeed fear, and so on. No – does not lead from here, does not lead for long, good in action is what is fit for action, what is actionable, this is one's own, belonging to oneself, endures for a long time, thus enduring, beneficial for greed, what is greedy, what is to be longed for, what is hateful, what is to be hated, what is delusive, what is to be deluded, pertaining to floods, pertaining to yokes, pertaining to ties, shaking off, one who shakes off, recognizing, one who recognizes, one who makes known, and so on. Mo – will go lightly, will go heavily, there is a path, is declared as supreme, like a serpent, like Arahants, and so on. How then does it succeed for you here? perceives forms, may worship me in the sky, of one another, of each one, the monk, unshakeable, neither painful nor pleasant feeling, and so on. Yo – This knowledge is not ours, just as this, so this, these six qualities, these nine qualities, these ten qualities, this is mine. Indeed, he, indeed, they, indeed, that, indeed, by them, indeed, of them, indeed, in that, indeed, the Buddha, indeed, in the Buddhas, indeed, for the sake of enlightenment, indeed, it is, indeed, there is, and so on. Ending in 'ti', in the fire-house, in the sense of the fourth case, and so on, forms with an intervening 'i' sound are indeed accomplished even with the insertion of 'y'. Ro – Continuous, meaningless, without food, free from affliction, without attachment, fire without fuel, inactive, without water, language, unexcelled, a river without waves, pure, difficult to overcome, difficult to attain, Buddhas difficult to approach, the Dhamma ill-proclaimed, ill-come, ill-spoken word, appeared, appeared, they appeared, morning meal, comes again, let there be wisdom, four-factored jhāna, four protections, eighty-four thousand, attainment of four psychic powers, four floods, this growth, this very earth element, this very water element, one should associate only with the good, like the king of stars for the stars, like lightning in a cloud mass, like the tip of an awl, like a bull, just as, just so – shortening in the 'r' insertion. And here, just as in "exceedingly beautiful forms," "having attained the highest gain and fame," "to the utmost limit," and so on, the words 'iva' and 'viya' are used in the sense of 'indeed'; similarly, in "just as," "just so," "like our master," "this is not like today," and so on, the word 'iva' is used in the sense of 'indeed'. Vo – Two fingers long, two-factored, three fingers long, three-factored, skill and uprightness, lived, said, is said, rises from the seat, rising up, having risen up, in the dwelling of monks, in the wide dwelling, in the dwelling of the self-existent, and so on, forms with an intervening 'u' sound are indeed accomplished even with the insertion of 'v'. 51. 'Cha' becomes 'ḷa'. When a vowel follows, 'ḷa' is inserted after 'cha'. Six-factored, six sense-bases. Eighty-six thousand, Six are the main doors of meaning, Six are the latent tendencies, Six supernormal powers, great in might. The method of great augmentations is stated. When a vowel follows, the augment 'm' occurs before 'man' and so on – Attention, mental, volitional, a person with an unagitated mind, a son born without a mind, born in the chest, hence 'orasa' (legitimate son), and so on. When a vowel follows, the augment 'h' frequently occurs – Do not do so, Ananda, It is not so, venerable sir, It is not so, Master Gotama, It should not be said thus, It should be said thus, He speaks thus, Straight and very straight, Well-established, a good moment, and so on. Thus ends the section on consonant augmentations. 52. Niggahīta. The niggahīta sometimes occurs as an augment. Upavassa, indeed, When a bhikkhu receives a new robe, Mindfulness is the path to the Deathless, The eye arose, Small and large, Much good should be done, They fall headlong, For which purpose, For that purpose, For this purpose, The doer of that, The maker of that, and so on, as stated before, Likewise, connected with that, That usage, Abounding in that, and so on. Thus ends the section on bindu augmentations. In the method of great augmentations, the words 'gata', 'jāta', and 'anta' become augmentations at the end of words. Gone to form, Gone to feeling, Gone to perception, Gone to excrement, Gone to urine, Gone to view, Born of meaning, Born of Dhamma, Sutta-end, Forest-end, Right action, Wrong action, and so on. The section on augment sandhi is finished. Dvibhāva Sandhi Now dvibhāva sandhi is explained. Dvibhāva is of three kinds. Among these, 'pakkamo', 'parakkamo', and so on, are called consonant doubling. Tree watering a tree, etc., are called a pair of words ending in a case-inflection. Forbearance, healing, going, went, etc., are called a pair of verbal roots. 53. From a vowel, two. Sometimes, the consonant following a vowel becomes double. There, after a vowel, the 'p' of 'pa', 'pati', 'paṭi' is doubled – Mindfulness, here mindfulness, separated, right effort, the unrolling Wheel of Dhamma, well-established, unequalled person, remorse, well-practiced, etc. Why "from a vowel"? Connected. Also, the initial consonant of the roots 'kī', 'kudha', 'kamu', 'kusa', 'gaha', 'juta', 'ñā', 'si', 'su', 'sambhu', 'sara', 'sasa', etc., and of words preceded by 'u', 'du', 'ni' is doubled. Kī – Sells, sale, bought with money. Kudha – Not angry, absence of anger. Kamu – Approaches, approach, approached, steps on, stepping, stepped on, strives, striving, walks, walking, descends, descended. Kusa – Abuses, abuse. Gaha – Holds up, holding up, quarrel, possession, favor. Juta – Shines forth, shines forth. Ñā – Knowledge, wisdom, higher knowledge, full understanding, consciousness, omniscience, knowing the night, knowing the meaning, knowing the Dhamma. Si – Excess, dwelling on the ground, dwelling in the house. Su – Little heard, much heard, famous, outflow, no outflow. Sambhu – Calms down, tranquility, tranquil. Sara – Recalls, recollection, recollection. Sasa – Breathes in, breathing in, in-breath, out-breath. Saja – Releases, releasing, release. Caja – Renounces, renouncing, renunciation, etc. Preceded by 'u' – Raises up, raising up, taking up, pronounces, pronunciation, accumulation, collection, shining, shining brightly, bends up, crosses over, etc. Preceded by 'du' – Ill-done, difficult, bad destination, bad conduct, difficult to cross, difficult to tame, difficult to lead, difficult to nourish, weak, bad path, difficult to obtain, etc. Preceded by 'ni' – Goes out o, gone forth, gone out, gone away, free from decay, faultless, sinless, created, free from conceit, going out, free from wavering, Nibbāna, support, and so on. Of three, two, thirty, its doubling – The triad of wholesome things, the triad of feelings, the three objects, the three jewels, thirty-two, thirty-three. Of four, six, the doubling of the following consonant – Fourfold, fourteen, in four directions, four-footed, sixfold, ninety-six. Or indeed? Four truths, six hundred. Of 'sant', the doubling of the following consonant in seven cases is constant – Good person, virtuous person, good Dhamma, the state of 'sant' is being, true existence. Of 'vassa', 'batta', the doubling of 'vassa' – Morality and vows, Nibbāna, extinguished, and so on, as said before. Of 'vatu', 'vaṭu', and so on, the doubling of the final consonant – It turns, it proceeds, it ceases, it arises, it turns, it revolves. From 'saṃ', of 'anu', the doubling of 'na' – Endowed, food, seeks. Elsewhere also – He should define the boundary, to define the boundary, he defines the boundary, covered, cloth-money, of four, of five. Thus, the collection of similar doublings. 54. In fourth and second, these become third and first. When fourth and second consonants are followed by others, these fourth and second consonants become doubled, meaning they become the second part of the doubling. Or, by the rule 'two from a vowel', or by 'from vagga-l-s, they', when a similar consonant is formed from a second or fourth consonant, then by this rule, the initial second consonant becomes first, and the initial fourth consonant becomes third. There, in the 'ka' group – Declared, thrown in, throwing in, aggregate of form, aggregate of feeling, disturbance of elements, exhaustion of life, does not go out. In the rule of 'from vagga-l-s, they' – Good in front is prominence, it flows out, proclaims, sound. In the 'ca' group – Covers, a In the conjunction with 'cchindati', shortening; covers, cuts off, white umbrella, tree shade, the state of being so is 'truth', that which is beneficial for a chariot is 'road', meditates, burns up, reflects, first jhāna, second jhāna, open space, factor of enlightenment, the state of being dull-witted is 'dullness', awakens,