English
Khādira and palāsa, khadirapalāsaṃ, khadirapalāsā, dhava and assakaṇṇa, dhavassakaṇṇaṃ, dhavassakaṇṇā, pilakkha and nigrodha, pilakkhanigrodhaṃ, pilakkhanigrodhā, assattha and kapītana, assatthakapītanaṃ, assatthakapītanā, sāka and sāla, sākasālaṃ, sākasālā. In pairs of special animals – Gaja and gavaja, gajagavajaṃ, gajagavajā, go and mahisa, gomahisaṃ, gomahisā, eṇeyya and varāha, eṇeyyavarāhaṃ, eṇeyyavarāhā, aja and eḷaka, ajeḷakaṃ, ajeḷakā, kukkuṭa and sūkara, kukkuṭasūkaraṃ, kukkuṭasūkarā, hatthi, gava, assa, and vaḷavā, hatthigavassavaḷavaṃ, hatthigavassavaḷavā. In pairs of special birds – Haṃsa and bilava, haṃsabilavaṃ, haṃsabilavā, kāraṇḍava and cakkavāka, kāraṇḍavacakkavākaṃ, kāraṇḍavacakkavākā, baka and balāka, bakabalākaṃ, bakabalākā. In pairs of wealth – Hirañña and suvaṇṇa, hiraññasuvaṇṇaṃ, hiraññasuvaṇṇā, maṇi and saṅkha and muttā and veḷuriya, maṇisaṅkhamuttaveḷuriyaṃ, maṇisaṅkhamuttaveḷuriyā, jātarūpa and rajata, jātarūparajataṃ, jātarūparajatā. In pairs of grains – Sāli and yava, sāliyavaṃ, sāliyavā, tila and mugga and māsa, tilamuggamāsaṃ, tilamuggamāsā, nipphāva and kulattha, nipphāvakulatthaṃ, nipphāvakulatthā. In pairs of condiments – Maccha and maṃsa, macchamaṃsaṃ, macchamaṃsā, sāka and sūpa, sākasūpaṃ, sākasūpā, gabya and māhisa, gabyamāhisaṃ, gabyamāhisā, eṇeyya and vārāha, eṇeyyavārāhaṃ, eṇeyyavārāhā, miga and māyūra, migamāyūraṃ, migamāyūrā. In pairs of countries – Kāsi and Kosala, kāsikosalaṃ, kāsikosalā, Vajji and Malla, vajjimallaṃ, vajjimallā, Ceta and Vaṃsa, cetavaṃsaṃ, cetavaṃsā, Majjha and Sūrasena, majjhasūrasenaṃ, majjhasūrasenā, Kuru and Pañcāla, kurupañcālaṃ, kurupañcālā. Thus the collection of optional aggregates. The Dvanda compound is finished. Special rules. Now, those mentioned before and those not mentioned, Special rules are declared In six compounds. Neuter singular, Shortening of final vowel in compounds, Superimposition of masculine gender, 'ka' at the end of compounds, 'a' at the end of compounds, Various substitutions, Indeclinable, Number. Section on Neuter Singular Therein, all Abyayībhāva compounds Are only of neuter gender. Collective Digu and Dvanda compounds Are neuter and of singular number. 359. Sometimes neuter gender and singular number in the genitive compound. In a genitive compound, Sometimes neuter gender And singular number occurs. Shadow. This rule applies only to assemblies. Shadow of locusts: locust-shadow. Thus, cart-shadow, house-shadow. Here it does not occur: tree-shadow, mountain-shadow. In the word 'sabhā', this rule applies only to non-human assemblies. Assembly of Brahmas: Brahma-assembly. Thus, deva-assembly, Indra-assembly, yakkha-assembly, a hundred rākṣasas. It does not occur in human assemblies: khattiya-assembly, king's assembly, and so on. What is meant by 'sometimes'? King's assembly. Thus ends the section on Neuter Singular. Section on Shortening of Final Vowel in Compounds By the rule 'Shortening in Syādi suffixes', There is shortening in Syādi suffixes For Abyayībhāva, collective Digu, and Dvanda compounds, And for some Tappurisa compounds. In Abyayībhāva compounds – Near the gem, Over the woman, Near the bride. In collective Digu compounds – Four directions, Ten women, Ten brides. In collective Dvanda compounds – Mouth and nose, Jaw and neck. In Tappurisa compounds – Locust-shadow, Brahma-assembly. 360. Of the final Ghap, when subordinate. Before Syādi suffixes, Shortening occurs Of the final and subordinate Ghap. In Bahubbīhi compounds – Many-maiden (man), Many-woman (family), Many-bride (family). In Abyayībhāva compounds – Near the gem, Over the woman, Near the bride. What is meant by 'final'? Faith-wealthy man. What is meant by 'subordinate'? King's maiden, King's princess, Brahmin's kinsman. 361. 'Go' becomes 'u'. Before Syādi suffixes, 'Go' becomes 'u' When it is final and subordinate. i. Standing ox, painted ox. What is meant by 'of the non-principal'? Royal ox. What is meant by 'of the end'? Herd of cows. Thus, the collection of short vowels at the end of compounds. Collection of rules for the superimposition of masculine gender 362. A feminine word that has been spoken as masculine, when co-referential, becomes like a masculine word. By 'co-referential' is meant 'having the same substratum'. When a feminine word exists, and a subsequent word is co-referential, sometimes a feminine word that has been spoken as masculine becomes like a masculine word. This rule has four parts: the first word should be feminine and should have been used in the masculine; the second word should be invariably feminine and co-referential with the first word. He whose shanks are long, (is called) long-shanked (masculine), a man. Long-shanked (feminine), a woman. Long-shanked (neuter), a family. And here, those words which sometimes take masculine forms, and sometimes take feminine forms with feminine suffixes, are called 'bhāsitapuma' (spoken as masculine). For example: long path, long night; gone man, gone woman; boy, girl; brahmin man, brahmin woman, and so on. But those words which, with feminine suffixes, are always in feminine forms, are not called 'bhāsitapuma'. For example: maiden, wisdom, faith, river, woman, earth, and so on. Likewise, naturally feminine words and invariably masculine or neuter words are not 'bhāsitapuma'. For example: deity, night, cow, bride, Sakka, god, Brahmā, jewel, refuge, and so on. But here, the word 'dīgha' (long), in phrases like "long is the wandering for fools" (Dhammapada 60) and so on, is 'bhāsitapuma'. It, by following the gender of the qualified noun, here becomes a feminine word with a feminine suffix. By this rule, when the superimposition of masculine gender is made, the 'ā' suffix disappears there. By the rule 'ghapassantassāppadhānassā', the final 'ā' of the compound becomes short. He whose wife is a girl, (is called) 'kumārabhariya'; the 'ī' suffix is removed. He whose wife is a young woman, (is called) 'yuvajāya'; the 'ti' suffix is removed. He whose wife is a kinswoman of Brahmins, (is called) 'brahmabandhubhariya'; the 'ū' suffix is removed. What is meant by 'in the feminine'? He whose jewel is a girl, (is called) 'kumārīratana', a man. Here the second word is feminine. If it is not [a certain condition], therefore, the masculine assignment should not be made. If it were made, "a boy is a jewel of whom, that is a boy-jewel" such an undesirable meaning would arise. What does 'in the same sense' mean? "Devotion to girls, of whom he is, that is 'devoted to girls'." Similarly, 'devoted to nuns', 'devoted to brahmin women', in compounds ending in 'ka'. Here the latter word is not in the same sense as the former word. Therefore, the masculine assignment should not be made. If it were made, "devotion to boys, of whom he is, that is 'devoted to boys'" such an undesirable meaning would arise. What does 'feminine' mean? 'Diṭṭhi' (view) in the sense of 'to be seen'. "The headman's family is the view by which he is, that is 'having the headman's family as a view'." Here the word 'gāmaṇi' is spoken as masculine. But here, because it denotes 'family', it stands in the neuter gender. There is no feminine suffix. Therefore, there is no need for masculine assignment. What does 'spoken as masculine' mean? "Faith is the nature of whom, that is 'of a faithful nature'." Similarly, 'of a wise nature'. Here the former word, being inherently feminine, is not spoken as masculine. In 'rich in faith', 'rich in wisdom', 'burdened by faith', 'burdened by wisdom', there is a lack of two conditions. However, in a Kammadhāraya compound, the word 'in the same sense' is not a separate condition, because 'not in the same sense' is impossible here. "Long is she, and a leg is she, that is 'long-legged'." "A girl is she, and a wife is she, that is 'girl-wife'." Similarly, 'Khattiya maiden', 'Brahmin maiden'. "A young woman is she, and a wife is she, that is 'young wife'." "A Brahmin's kinswoman is she, and a wife is she, that is 'Brahmin-kinswoman wife'." What does 'in the feminine' mean? "A girl is she, and a jewel is she, that is 'girl-jewel'." Similarly, 'nun-lotus'. What does 'feminine' mean? "The headman's family is that, and a view is that, that is 'headman's-family-view'." What does 'spoken as masculine' mean? 'Nature of faith', 'Ganges river', 'Craving river', 'Earth element'. However, in proper nouns, even when endowed with four conditions, the rule does not apply. 'Nandā-goddess', 'Nandā-pond', 'Mindfulness of the body', 'First case ending', 'Second case ending', 'Fifth case ending', 'Sixth case ending', etc. In some suffixes. 5]. When a suffix follows, sometimes a feminine word, spoken as masculine, sometimes becomes masculine. "Byattatarā, byattatamā" (more skilled, most skilled) – here, it means exceedingly skilled among skilled women. Similarly, "paṇḍitatarā, paṇḍitatamā" (more wise, most wise), etc. 364. Words like 'sabba' in the sense of 'occurrence'. In a place of mere occurrence, pronominal words named 'sabbādi' become masculine. He whose chief she is, is 'tappamukho'. Similarly, 'tappadhāno'. Connected with her or them, is 'taṃsampayutto'. She herself is the chief, 'tappamukhā'. Similarly, 'tappadhānā'. Her face, 'tammukhaṃ'. In that verse or those verses, 'tatra'. From that verse or those verses, 'tato'. At that time, 'tadā', etc. And here, 'vutti' means compounds, words ending in taddhita suffixes or root suffixes like 'ya', and words ending in case suffixes. Thus ends the section on the superimposition of masculine gender. The section on suffixes at the end of compounds. 365. The suffix 'ka' from words ending in 'ltu', 'i', 'ū'. In the sense of another word, the suffix 'ka' frequently occurs after words ending in 'ltu' (like 'kattu'), and after feminine words ending in 'ī' or 'ū'. A country in which there are many doers is 'bahukattuko'. Similarly, 'bahuvattuko'. A country in which there are many rivers is 'bahunadiko'.