English
From some words, the deletion of the first case occurs; from some words, Indeed, elision of the second case... ...by some, of the seventh, by some, of two, by some, of three... ...by some, of seven, it is said. There, with vocative particles like 'āvuso', 'bho', 'bhante', etc., and with 'atthi', 'natthi', 'sakkā', 'labbhā', 'siyā', 'siyuṃ', 'sādhu', 'tuṇhī', etc., elision of the first case. With 'ciraṃ', 'cirassaṃ', 'niccaṃ', 'satataṃ', 'abhiṇhaṃ', 'abhikkhaṇaṃ', 'muhuttaṃ', etc., for the second case, indicating continuous connection. With 'yathā', 'tathā', 'sabbathā', 'sabbaso', 'musā', 'micchā', etc., for the third case. With 'kātuṃ', 'kātave', etc., for the fourth case. With 'samantā', 'samantato', 'dīghaso', 'oraso', etc., for the fifth case. With 'pure', 'purā', 'pacchā', 'uddhaṃ', 'upari', 'adho', 'heṭṭhā', 'antarā', 'anto', 'raho', 'āvi', 'hiyyo', 'suve', etc., elision of the seventh case. From the word 'namo', in "homage to you, brave Buddha," for the first case. In "make homage to the Nāga," for the second case. From the word 'sayaṃ', in "the granary itself breaks," for the first case. In "happiness and suffering are self-made," for the third case, and so on, the appropriate distinction should be understood. With the words 'iti' and 'evaṃ', according to usage, they desire elision of the seven cases. Even with prefixes, according to meaning, there is elision of the respective case. But in Rūpasiddhi, it is said, "with them, only the first singular case occurs." There, in examples like 'abhikkamati', 'abhidhammo', etc., by approaching verbs and nouns, making their meaning various, they are called prefixes, as they adorn and compose. For sometimes they make that meaning specific, in examples like 'jānāti', 'pajānāti', 'sañjānāti', 'avajānāti', 'abhijānāti', 'parijānāti', 'susīlo', 'dussīlo', 'suvaṇṇo', 'dubbaṇṇo', 'surājā', 'durājā'. Sometimes, having made that meaning various, they divide it, in examples like 'gacchati', 'āgacchati', 'uggacchati', 'ogacchati'. Sometimes, having suppressed that meaning, or in a meaning contrary to it, or in another meaning, they apply them. There, contrary to that dhe – Conquers, defeats, unties, fastens, swallows, vomits, sinks, emerges, Dhamma, unrighteousness, and so on. In another instance – Gives, takes, places, arranges, covers, deposits, joins, believes, speaks, and so on. But sometimes, for word-beauty, they follow that meaning, as in "is found, is found thoroughly, obtains, obtains back" and so on. They are twenty: pa, ā, u, o, du, ni, vi, su, saṃ, ati, adhi, anu, apa, api, abhi, ava, upa, pati, parā, pari. But in Kaccāyana, the sound 'o' is merely a variant of 'ava', not taking that, it takes the sound 'nī'. But here, the sound 'nī' is merely the long form of 'ni', not taking that, it takes the sound 'o'. There, 'pa' – In the sense of manner: wisdom. In the sense of beginning action: begun. In the sense of principal: excellent. In the sense of mastery: lord. In the sense of inclusion: thrown in, in-breath. In the sense of separation: absence. In the sense of devoted to: teacher's assistant. In the sense of succession: son, grandson, grandson, great-grandson. In the sense of abundance: greatly increased. In the sense of origin: originates. In the sense of sufficiency: plenty of food. In the sense of clear: serene. In the sense of aspiration: aspiration. 'Ā' – In the sense of facing: comes. In the sense of upward action: ascends. In the sense of boundary: the field up to the mountain. In the sense of pervasion: the sound of fame up to the Brahma-world. In the sense of attainment: attained. In the sense of desire: desire. In the sense of embracing: embraces. In the sense of beginning action: beginning. In the sense of taking: takes. In the sense of dwelling: dwelling. In the sense of proximity: near. In the sense of calling: invitation. 'U' – In the sense of rising: rises. In the sense of upward action: stands up. In the sense of principal: superior. In the sense of separation: fasting. In the sense of origin: arisen. In the sense of acquisition of purpose: the arising of form. In the sense of ability: is able to go. In the sense of describing one's own nature: description. 'O' – In the sense of inclusion: spy, inner apartment. In the sense of downward action: thrown down. In the sense of restraint: advice. In the sense of interval and place: opportunity, space. In the sense of manifestation: spontaneously arisen. In whichever meanings the sound 'ava' occurs, in those too the sound 'o' occurs. 'Du' – In the sense of unbeautiful: bad smell. In the sense of absence: famine, immoral, unwise. In the sense of blameworthy: wrong action. In the sense of unsuccess: bad horse. In the sense of difficulty: difficult to do. In ugliness - ill-colored, ill-faced. Ni – In completeness - complete explanation. In going forth - departure. In taking out - determination. In entering within - buried. In absence - free from flies. In prohibition - prevents. In going out - Nibbana. In manifestation - created. In ascertainment - decision. In division - explanation. In comparison - example. In attention - listens. In conclusion - finished. In skill - skillful. Vi – In distinction - discerns. In variety - variegated. In opposition - dispute. In absence - spotless. In separation - separated. In ugliness - regret. Su – In beauty - happy state. In loveliness - pleasant-minded. In the meaning of 'right' - well-gone. In prosperity - abundant food. In ease - easy to do. Saṃ – In combination - conjunction. In rightness, in capability - concentration, connected. In pervasiveness - crowded. In meeting - assembly. In brevity - compound. In very much - deeply attached. In togetherness - living together, enjoyment. In little - cheap. In origin - origin. In facing - in front of. In collection - collects. In covering - restrained. In repeated action - runs on, wanders on. In prosperity - accomplished. Ati – In transgression - shines beyond, transgression, past. In exceeding - exceedingly. In excess - very skillful. In very much - great anger. In over-action - having carried a bed or a chair too far, one places it. Adhi – In superiority - higher morality. In lordship - lord. The Pañcālas ruled by Brahmadatta. In superiority - lies upon. In overcoming - overcome. In studying - studies. He studies grammar. In determination - he undertakes new work. He determines the robe. He determines a magical transformation. In certainty - resolves. In attaining - he attains a mass of wealth. He attains the deathless. Anu – In following - follows. In persisting - latent tendency. In the meaning of 'after' - after the chariot. In repeated occurrence - every half-month, every year. In suitability - suitable. In juniority - one who has followed the Buddha, junior elder. The rest will be explained in the section on cases. Apa – In going away - goes away, loss. In blame - modest, wrong word. In avoidance - excluded from the hall. Who come. In worship, they honor the elders. In offending, one commits an offense. Api – In possibility, one might even break a mountain, might even pierce Mount Meru. In expectation, this phenomenon is also uncertain. In accumulation, even an Arahant, burns even the skin, burns even the hide, burns even the flesh. In reproach, even our little wise man. In questioning, Venerable sir, did you obtain alms? Are you indeed desirous of hearing? Abhi – In front, gone forward. In distinction, higher knowledge. In excess, higher doctrine. In ascending, he ascends. In family, well-born. In similarity, handsome. In salutation, he salutes. The rest will be explained in the section on cases. Ava – In the lower part, thrown down. In separation, a forest without cuckoos. In contempt, he despises. In knowing, he understands. In purification, it purifies, purification. In certainty, determination. In place, opportunity. In theft, stealing. Upa – In approaching, he sits near. In proximity, vicinity, suburb. In rebirth, he is reborn in the heavenly world. In similarity, standard, object of comparison. In excess, a doṇa (measure) more than a khāri (measure). In superiority – fully ordained, accumulation. In fasting, fast. In blaming, he blames another. In convention, assumption, prefix. In preliminary action, undertaking, offering. In worship, he attends the Buddha. In grasping, manifestation. In intensity, clinging, distress, strong support. Pati – In going back, direct perception. In opposition, against the current. In opposition, opponent. In prohibition, prohibition. In turning back, he retreats. In similarity, imitation. In counteraction, remedy for illness. In receiving, he receives. In understanding, penetration. In dependence, condition. The rest will be explained in the section on cases. Parā – In decline, ruin. In defeat, defeated. In going, refuge. In valor, exertion. In touching, clinging. Pari – In all around, surrounded, encircled, requisites. In demarcation, to be fully known, he fully knows. In avoiding, he avoids. Avoidance. In embracing, he embraces. In dressing, he puts on clothes. P Service in strength. He serves food. He despises in overcoming. He blames at the site of fault. The rest will be stated in the Chapter on Cases. But the word 'nī' occurs in 'nīharaṇa', 'nīvaraṇa', etc., 'nīharaṇa', 'nīvaraṇa', etc. Thus, the collection of prefix words. Collection of particle words. Always in one form they fall into the path of a sentence, thus they are particles. They also say that they are particles because they fall at the beginning, middle, and end of words. Words like 'ca' that do not denote a being are called particles. But they are of two kinds: those conjoined with case endings, and those not conjoined. Among these, those conjoined with case endings have already been shown before. Words like 'ca' are called unconjoined. But they are of many hundreds of kinds. They should be taken from the lexicons.