English
based on cessation, culminating in relinquishment. Therein, the one-pointedness of mind predominated by mind— this is concentration of mind. When the mind is concentrated, the suppression of defilements by the power of reflection or by the power of development— this is abandoning. Therein, those in-breaths and out-breaths, thoughts and investigations, perceptions, feelings, thoughts, and intentions— these are formations. Thus, the former concentration of mind, and the abandoning through suppression of defilements, and these formations, these two, together with the formations, develop the base of power predominated by the concentration of mind, based on seclusion, based on dispassion, based on cessation, culminating in relinquishment. Therein, the one-pointedness of mind predominated by investigation— this is concentration of investigation. When the mind is concentrated, the suppression of defilements by the power of reflection or by the power of development— this is abandoning. Therein, those in-breaths and out-breaths, thoughts and investigations, perceptions, feelings, thoughts, and intentions— these are formations. Thus, the former concentration of investigation, and the abandoning through suppression of defilements, and these formations, these two, together with the formations, develop the base of power predominated by the concentration of investigation, based on seclusion, based on dispassion, based on cessation, culminating in relinquishment. This is the distinction: 'Concentration of effort' means concentration that proceeds with effort as the chief, or concentration that proceeds in the preliminary stage conjoined with the predominance of effort. 'Concentration of mind' means concentration that proceeds with mind as the chief, or concentration that proceeds in the preliminary stage conjoined with the predominance of mind. 'Concentration of investigation' means concentration that proceeds with investigation as the chief, or concentration that proceeds in the preliminary stage conjoined with the predominance of investigation. Here, a brief description has been made according to one's strength and ability, but by those with profound knowledge, it should be analyzed and understood either extensively or profoundly, in accordance with the commentaries and sub-commentaries. 14. "Concentration of desire, concentration of effort, concentration of mind, concentration of investigation" is stated. Because it might be said, "If this is so, then only the concentration of investigation would be rooted in knowledge, preceded by knowledge, and accompanied by knowledge, while the other three concentrations would be rooted in ignorance, preceded by ignorance, and accompanied by ignorance," to show that all concentrations are rooted in knowledge, etc., "all concentration is rooted in knowledge," etc., is stated. Here, "all concentration" means the four kinds of concentration: concentration of desire, concentration of effort, concentration of mind, and concentration of investigation. "Rooted in knowledge" means rooted in the proximate knowledge that arises in the single-advertence and multiple-advertence cognitive processes. "Preceded by knowledge" means that the knowledge of attainment precedes it. "Accompanied by knowledge" means that the knowledge of review accompanies it. Or, "rooted in knowledge" means that the knowledge of multiple advertence and proximate knowledge, or the knowledge of rebirth-linking, is its root; "preceded by knowledge" means that proximate knowledge precedes it; "accompanied by knowledge" means that absorption knowledge accompanies it. Or, "rooted in knowledge" means that all proximate knowledge is its root; "preceded by knowledge" means that absorption knowledge precedes it; "accompanied by knowledge" means that supernormal knowledge accompanies it. Or, "accompanied" is that which accompanies; "accompanied by knowledge" is that which accompanies knowledge; "accompanied by knowledge" means that it is accompanied by knowledge. Knowledge, however, is of the kind mentioned before. "As before, so after" means: just as, by the nature of the four kinds of concentration beginning with concentration of desire being accompanied by the knowledge of recollection of past lives, in the past, in countless past existences, in countless cycles of world-contraction and expansion, there is a clear penetration of one's own aggregates and the aggregates of others, not a difficult penetration; so too, by the nature of the aforementioned concentration being accompanied by the knowledge of future events, afterwards... In future births, even in countless cycles of world-contraction and expansion, one's own aggregates, and the aggregates of others, are indeed clearly penetrated, not difficult to penetrate; this meaning should be understood. "As later, so earlier" means: just as for the aforementioned concentration, by means of the mind-penetrating knowledge, in the future, for seven days, the minds of other beings are indeed clearly penetrated, not difficult to penetrate; similarly, for the aforementioned concentration, in the past, for seven days, the minds of other beings are indeed clearly penetrated, not difficult to penetrate; this is the meaning. "As by day, so by night" means: just as for beings with eyes, in the daytime, by the light of the sun, darkness being dispelled, visible forms within range of sight are easily known even by mind-consciousness; similarly, in the nighttime, even when darkness with its four aspects is present, for the aforementioned concentration, by means of the divine eye knowledge, the visual field is indeed clearly penetrated, not difficult to penetrate. "As by night, so by day" means: just as in the nighttime, even when darkness with its four aspects is present, for the aforementioned concentration, by means of the divine eye knowledge, the visual field is indeed clearly penetrated, not difficult to penetrate; similarly, in the daytime, subtle forms, or forms concealed by a wall or such, or forms existing in a very distant place, for the aforementioned concentration, by means of the divine eye knowledge, are indeed clearly penetrated, not difficult to penetrate; this meaning should be understood. Just as for the aforementioned concentration, in the daytime, by means of the divine ear knowledge, subtle sounds, or sounds concealed by a wall or such, or sounds existing in a very distant place, are indeed clearly penetrated, not difficult to penetrate; similarly, in the nighttime, for the aforementioned concentration, by means of the divine ear knowledge... This method should also be applied to the thorough penetration of a subtle sound object, or a sound object obscured by a wall or similar, or a sound object occurring at a very distant place, not its difficult penetration. Therefore, it is said in the commentary: “Just as it fills, just as in the way of the concentration accompanied by the knowledge of past lives,” and so on, having said, “and just as it was said for the sense object of form, so too it should be applied to the sense object of sound due to the concentration being accompanied by the knowledge of the divine ear.” Since it should be asked, “What does one develop with the concentration rooted in knowledge, accompanied by the state of being accompanied by the knowledge of past lives?” “Thus with an open mind,” and so on, was said. There, “thus” means in the manner thus stated. “Unconfined” means by the removal of hindrances and so on. “A mind with radiance” means a path-consciousness associated with the bases of psychic power. Indeed, when a path-consciousness associated with the bases of psychic power arises, the five faculties, which are wholesome and co-existent with the path-consciousness— namely, the faculty of faith, the faculty of energy, the faculty of mindfulness, the faculty of concentration, and the faculty of wisdom—arise. When the path-consciousness ceases, they cease by not arising, being momentary, lasting only one mind-moment. Thus, the cessation of path-consciousness means that wisdom and mindfulness cease. Since it should be said, “By the cessation of which consciousness do name-and-form cease?” “And name-and-form,” and so on, was said. It means that by the cessation of rebirth-linking consciousness, name-and-form also cease. Alternatively, since it should be said, “The five faculties, namely wisdom and mindfulness, which were mentioned as ceasing by the cessation of consciousness, cease in this way,” name-and-form also cease. But to show that name-and-form, when ceasing, cease by the cessation of rebirth-linking consciousness, “and name-and-form,” and so on, was said. There, “and name-and-form” refers to the three aggregates of feeling and so on, which are fit to arise when craving, ignorance, and so on, are not cut off by the path, and also to the derived material form. “Having consciousness as its cause” means the rebirth-linking consciousness, which is fit to arise, is the cause of this name-and-form. is due to consciousness. From consciousness it arises, born from consciousness as condition. "Its" means of the rebirth-linking consciousness that is capable of arising. "Cause" means the defilements like craving and ignorance. "Consciousness" means the rebirth-linking consciousness that is capable of arising. "Without nutriment" means without condition. "Not delighted in" means not to be delighted in by craving for sensual pleasures and so on. "Without rebirth-linking" means devoid of linking to future existence. "Not" means such consciousness. "Without cause" means there is no rebirth-linking consciousness which is called a cause for this mind-and-matter; thus, without cause. "Without condition" means due to absence of companions, there are no conditions, no formations for this; thus, without condition. Thus, with the cessation of rebirth-linking consciousness, mind-and-matter also ceases. "How should we believe