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13. Analysis of the Immeasurables 1. Discourse Division 642. There are four immeasurables – here, a monk dwells pervading one direction with a mind imbued with loving-kindness, likewise the second, likewise the third, likewise the fourth. Thus, above, below, across, everywhere, in all ways, he dwells pervading the entire world with a mind imbued with loving-kindness, abundant, exalted, immeasurable, without hostility, without ill-will. He dwells pervading one direction with a mind imbued with compassion, likewise the second, likewise the third, likewise the fourth. Thus, above, below, across, everywhere, in all ways, he dwells pervading the entire world with a mind imbued with compassion, abundant, exalted, immeasurable, without hostility, without ill-will. He dwells pervading one direction with a mind imbued with altruistic joy, likewise the second, likewise the third, likewise the fourth. Thus, above, below, across, everywhere, in all ways, he dwells pervading the entire world with a mind imbued with altruistic joy, abundant, exalted, immeasurable, without hostility, without ill-will. He dwells pervading one direction with a mind imbued with equanimity, likewise the second, likewise the third, likewise the fourth. Thus, above, below, across, everywhere, in all ways, he dwells pervading the entire world with a mind imbued with equanimity, abundant, exalted, immeasurable, without hostility, without ill-will. 1. Loving-kindness 643. And how does a monk dwell pervading one direction with a mind imbued with loving-kindness? Just as one might feel loving-kindness upon seeing a dear, pleasing person, even so, he pervades all beings with loving-kindness. Therein, what is loving-kindness? That friendliness towards beings, the act of being friendly, the state of having been friendly, the liberation of mind through loving-kindness – this is called "loving-kindness." Therein, what is mind? That which is mind, thought, mentality, heart, consciousness, mind-base, mind-faculty, consciousness, the aggregate of consciousness, the element of mind-consciousness pertaining thereto – This is called "mind." This mind is accompanied by this loving-kindness, born together, mixed together, connected together. Therefore, it is called "with a mind accompanied by loving-kindness." 644. "One direction" means the eastern direction, or the western direction, or the northern direction, or the southern direction, or above, or below, or across, or an intermediate direction. 645. "Having pervaded" means having pervaded, having resolved upon. 646. "Dwells" means moves, proceeds, sustains, maintains, lives, conducts, dwells. Therefore, it is called "dwells." 647. "Likewise the second" means just as one direction, likewise the second direction, likewise the third direction, likewise the fourth direction, likewise above, likewise below, likewise across, likewise an intermediate direction. 648. "Everywhere, in every way, the entire world" means all in all, in every way all, without remainder, without exception. This is a comprehensive statement – "everywhere, in every way, the entire world." 649. "With a mind accompanied by loving-kindness": Therein, what is loving-kindness? That which is friendliness towards beings, the act of friendliness, the state of having befriended, the liberation of mind through loving-kindness – this is called "loving-kindness." Therein, what is mind? That which is mind, mental faculty, mentality... and so on... the element of mind-consciousness related thereto – this is called "mind." This mind is accompanied by this loving-kindness, born together, mixed together, connected together. Therefore, it is called "with a mind accompanied by loving-kindness." 650. "Vast" means that which is vast is great, that which is great is immeasurable, that which is immeasurable is without enmity, that which is without enmity is without ill-will. 651. "Having pervaded" means having pervaded, having resolved upon. 652. "Dwells" means... and so on... Therefore, it is called "dwells." 2. Compassion 653. And how, bhikkhu, does one dwell, having pervaded one direction with a mind accompanied by compassion? Just as one would feel compassion seeing a person who is poor and unfortunate, even so, one pervades all beings with compassion. Therein, what is compassion? That which is compassion towards beings... compassion, the act of being compassionate, the state of being compassionate, the liberation of mind through compassion – this is called "compassion." Therein, what is mind? That which is mind, mentality, the mental… the corresponding mind-consciousness element – this is called "mind." This mind is accompanied by, born together with, associated with, connected with this compassion. Therefore, it is said: "with a mind accompanied by compassion." 654. "One direction" means the eastern direction, or the western direction, or the northern direction, or the southern direction, upwards, or downwards, or across, or the intermediate direction. 655. "Having pervaded" means having pervaded, having resolved upon. 656. "Dwells" means moves, proceeds, maintains, carries on, sustains, lives, dwells. Therefore, it is said: "dwells." 657. "Likewise the second" means just as the first direction, so too the second direction, so too the third direction, so too the fourth direction, so too upwards, so too downwards, so too across, so too the intermediate direction. 658. "Everywhere, in all ways, the entire world" means completely, in every way, without remainder, without exception. This is a comprehensive statement – "everywhere, in all ways, the entire world." 659. "With a mind accompanied by compassion" – therein, what is compassion? That which is compassion for beings, the act of being compassionate, the state of being compassionate, the liberation of mind through compassion – this is called "compassion." Therein, what is mind? That which is mind, mentality, the mental… the corresponding mind-consciousness element – this is called "mind." This mind is accompanied by, born together with, associated with, connected with this compassion. Therefore, it is said: "with a mind accompanied by compassion." 660. "Vast" means that which is vast is exalted, that which is exalted is immeasurable, that which is immeasurable is without enmity, that which is without enmity is without ill-will. 661. "Having pervaded" means having pervaded, having resolved upon. 662. "Dwells"… therefore, it is said: "dwells." 3. Sympathetic Joy 663. And how, monk, does he dwell, having pervaded one direction with a mind accompanied by sympathetic joy? Just as Just as one seeing a dear, pleasing person would be gladdened, even so one pervades all beings with gladness. Therein, what is gladness? That gladness for beings, that gladness, that state of gladness, that liberation of mind through gladness – this is called "gladness." Therein, what is mind? That mind, intellect, mentality… that corresponding mind-consciousness element – this is called "mind." This mind is accompanied by, born together with, intermingmingled with, and associated with this gladness. Therefore it is said: "with a mind accompanied by gladness." 664. "One direction" means the eastern direction, or the western direction, or the northern direction, or the southern direction, or upwards, or downwards, or across, or an intermediate direction. 665. "Having pervaded" means having pervaded, having resolved. 666. "Dwells" … therefore it is said: "dwells." 667. "Likewise the second" means just as one direction, likewise the second direction, likewise the third direction, likewise the fourth direction, likewise upwards, likewise downwards, likewise across, likewise an intermediate direction. 668. "Everywhere, in all ways, the entire world" means completely, in every way, all, without remainder, without exception. This is a comprehensive statement: "everywhere, in all ways, the entire world." 669. "With a mind accompanied by gladness" – therein, what is gladness? That gladness for beings, that gladness, that state of gladness, that liberation of mind through gladness – this is called "gladness." Therein, what is mind? That mind, intellect, mentality… that corresponding mind-consciousness element – this is called "mind." This mind is accompanied by, born together with, intermingmingled with, and associated with this gladness. Therefore it is said: "with a mind accompanied by gladness." 670. "Vast" means what is vast is exalted; what is exalted is immeasurable; what is immeasurable is without enmity; what is without enmity is without ill-will. 671. "Having pervaded" means having pervaded, having resolved. 672. "Dwells" … therefore it is said: "dwells." 4. Equanimity 673. How, bhikkhu, does he dwell pervading one direction with a mind accompanied by equanimity? Just as, having seen a person who is neither pleasing nor unpleasing, one would be equanimous, even so, he pervades all beings with equanimity. Therein, what is equanimity? That equanimity towards beings, the state of being equanimous, the equanimous state of mind, the liberation of mind through equanimity – this is called "equanimity". Therein, what is mind? That which is mind, thought, mentality... ...the corresponding mind-consciousness element – this is called "mind". This mind is accompanied by, born together with, associated with, connected with this equanimity. Therefore, it is called "with a mind accompanied by equanimity". 674. "One direction" means the eastern direction, or the western direction, or the northern direction, or the southern direction, or upwards, or downwards, or across, or an intermediate direction. 675. "Pervading" means pervading, resolving upon. 676. "He dwells" means... ...therefore, it is called "he dwells". 677. "Likewise the second" means just as one direction, so the second direction, so the third direction, so the fourth direction, so upwards, so downwards, so across,