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is not the Dhamma. And whoever indeed said thus: "Suffering is the Dhamma." For them, happiness is not the Dhamma. Or just as, for a monk dwelling contemplating impurity in all formations, perceptions of beauty are abandoned. For one dwelling contemplating suffering, perceptions of happiness are abandoned. For one dwelling contemplating impermanence, perceptions of permanence are abandoned. For one dwelling contemplating non-self, perceptions of self are abandoned. And whatever Dhamma one approves of or approaches, the opposite of that Dhamma becomes disagreeable to them. it is. Therefore said Venerable Mahākaccāyana: "wholesome and unwholesome states." The assigned, revolving mode. 10. Analysis of the Mode of Synonyms 37. Among these, what is the mode of synonyms? "Many synonyms." Just as the Blessed One expounds a single teaching with various synonyms. As the Blessed One said – "Hopes and longings and delights, established as currents in various elements; Originating from the root of ignorance, yearned for, all by me have been eliminated, root and all." Hope, it is said, is the aspiration for a future thing, thinking "it will surely come," hope arises for him. Longing, it is said, is the yearning for a present thing, or seeing something better, thinking "may it be like this," longing arises for him. Delight is the cherishing of an accomplished thing, or one delights in a dear relative, or one delights in a dear teaching, or one delights in what is not repulsive. "Various elements" means eye-element, form-element, eye-consciousness-element, ear-element, sound-element, ear-consciousness-element, nose-element, smell-element, nose-consciousness-element, tongue-element, taste-element, tongue-consciousness-element, body-element, touch-element, body-consciousness-element, mind-element, mind-object-element, mind-consciousness-element. "Currents" means some are devoted to forms, some are devoted to sounds, some are devoted to smells, some are devoted to tastes, some are devoted to touches, some are devoted to mind-objects. Therein, the six household-based displeasures, and the six household-based pleasures, and the six renunciation-based displeasures, and the six renunciation-based pleasures, these twenty-four items are the side of craving, this is a synonym for craving. And the six household-based equanimities, this is the side of views. 38. That same (craving), in the mode of yearning, is delight in the Dhamma, love for the Dhamma, clinging to the Dhamma— this is a synonym for craving. "Mind, thought, consciousness"— this is a synonym for mind. "Mind-faculty, mind-element, mind-base, knowing"— this is a synonym for mind. The faculty of wisdom, the power of wisdom, the training in higher wisdom, wisdom, the aggregate of wisdom, the enlightenment factor of investigation of phenomena, knowledge, right view, discrimination, insight, knowledge of phenomena, knowledge of meaning, knowledge of consequence, knowledge of destruction, knowledge of non-arising, the faculty of knowing the unknown, the faculty of final knowledge, the faculty of one who has known, the eye, true knowledge, intellect, extensive wisdom, intelligence, light. Or whatever else of this kind, this is a synonym for wisdom. The five faculties are supramundane, all wisdom. Moreover, faith, in the sense of dominance, energy, in the sense of exertion, mindfulness, in the sense of not floating away, concentration, in the sense of non-distraction, wisdom, in the sense of knowing thoroughly. And as it is said in the recollection of the Buddha: Thus indeed is that Blessed One, Arahant, Perfectly Self-Enlightened, Endowed with knowledge and conduct, Fortunate, Knower of the worlds, Unsurpassed, Charioteer of men to be tamed, Teacher of gods and humans, Awakened One, Blessed One. Attained to the perfection of powers, attained to fearlessness, attained to the analytical knowledges, abandoned the four bonds, transcended wrong courses of action, extracted the dart, healed the wound, crushed the thorn, extinguished the obsessions, gone beyond bonds, untangled the knots, transcended inclinations, broken the darkness, possessing the eye, transcended worldly conditions, free from agreement and disagreement, unattached to desirable and undesirable things, gone beyond fetters, laid down the battle, most excellent, bearing the torch, making light, making radiance, dispelling darkness, abandoning defilement, of immeasurable glory, of inestimable glory, of incalculable glory, making splendor, making brilliance, making the Dhamma shine brightly. And thus are the Buddhas, the Blessed Ones. This is a synonym for the recollection of the Buddha. And as it is said in the recollection of the Dhamma: The Dhamma is well-proclaimed by the Blessed One, visible here and now, timeless, inviting one to come and see, leading inwards, to be personally experienced by the wise. That is, the subduing of intoxication, the removal of thirst, the uprooting of attachment, the cutting off of the cycle, emptiness, extremely rare, the destruction of craving, dispassion, cessation, Nibbāna. The Unconditioned, the Endless. And taintless, And true, the beyond, subtle, very hard to see; Unaging, permanent, unperishing, Invisible, non-proliferating, peaceful. The deathless, and excellent, and blissful, safe, The destruction of craving, and wonderful, amazing; Harmless, the harmless state, This Nibbana is taught by the Fortunate One. Unborn, unbecome, and undisturbed, Unmade, and sorrowless, and also griefless; Without danger, the undangerous state, This Nibbana is taught by the Fortunate One. And profound, difficult to see, And supreme, unsurpassed; Unequalled, incomparable, Is called foremost, best. And a refuge, a shelter, harmless, spotless, Faultless, this is called stainless; An island, happiness, immeasurable, a foundation, Is called without possessions, non-proliferating. This is an expression of the recollection of the Dhamma. And just as it is said in the recollection of the Sangha: Well-practiced, Uprightly practiced, Methodically practiced, Properly practiced, That is, four pairs of persons, Eight individual persons, This Sangha of the Blessed One's disciples Is worthy of offerings, Worthy of hospitality, Worthy of gifts, Worthy of reverential salutation, The unsurpassed field of merit for the world. Endowed with virtue, Endowed with concentration, Endowed with wisdom, Endowed with liberation, Endowed with the knowledge and vision of liberation, The essence of beings, The cream of beings, The upliftment of beings, The pillar of beings, The fragrant flower of beings, Worthy of veneration by gods and humans. This is an expression of the recollection of the Sangha. And just as it is said in the recollection of virtue: Those virtues Are unbroken, Unpierced, Unblemished, Untarnished, Noble, Cherished by the noble ones, Liberating, Praised by the wise, Not clung to, Conducive to concentration. And virtue is an adornment, For adorning the highest part; And virtue is a treasure, By means of overcoming all misfortune; And virtue is a skill, By means of hitting the mark; And virtue is a boundary, By means of not transgressing; And virtue is grain, By means of cutting off poverty. and morality is a mirror for observing the Dhamma, and morality is a palace in the sense of observing, and morality pervades all planes, ending in the Deathless. This is a synonym for the recollection of morality. And just as it is said in the recollection of generosity: "At whatever time a noble disciple dwells in a home, with generosity released, with hands purified, delighting in relinquishment, suitable for being asked, delighting in sharing gifts." This is a synonym for the recollection of generosity. Therefore, the venerable Mahākaccāyana said: "There are many synonyms." The assigned synonymic method. 11. Analysis of the Designation Method 39. What is the designation method there? "The Blessed One teaches one Dhamma with various designations." That teaching which is a natural discourse. This is the designation of laying down. And what is the teaching of natural discourse? The Four Noble Truths. As the Blessed One said: "This is suffering." This designation of the five aggregates, the six elements, the eighteen elements, the twelve sense bases, the ten faculties, is the designation of laying down. If, monks, in edible food, there is passion, there is delight, there is craving, consciousness is established there, grown. Where consciousness is established, grown, there is a descent of name-and-form there. Where there is a descent of name-and-form, there is growth of formations there. Where there is growth of formations, there is future renewed existence there. Where there is future renewed existence, there is future birth, aging, and death there. Where there is future birth, aging, and death, that, I say, monks, is sorrowful, painful, and despairing. If in contact... (etc.)... If, monks, in mental volition as food. If, monks, in consciousness as food, there is passion, there is delight, there is craving, consciousness is established there, grown. Where consciousness is established, grown, there is a descent of name-and-form there. Where there is a descent of name-and-form, there is There is the growth of volitional formations. Where there is the growth of volitional formations, there is in the future the production of renewed existence. Where there is in the future the production of renewed existence, there is in the future birth, aging, and death. Where there is in the future birth, aging, and death, that, bhikkhus, I declare to be sorrowful, with anguish, with despair. This is the declaration of the origin of suffering and of its arising. If, bhikkhus, in material food there is no passion, no delight, no craving, then consciousness is not established there, not grown. Where consciousness is not established, not grown, there is no descent of name-and-form.