English
and those bhikkhus who are elders, long-experienced, long-ordained, fathers of the Saṅgha, leaders of the Saṅgha, he does not honor with special reverence. "And how, monks, is a bhikkhu not a knower of forms? Here, monks, a bhikkhu does not understand as it really is any form whatsoever as 'the four great elements, and form derived from the four great elements.' Thus, monks, a bhikkhu is not a knower of forms. "And how, Monks, how is a monk not skilled in characteristics? Here, monks, a monk does not understand as it really is: 'characterized by deeds is the fool, characterized by deeds is the wise one.' Thus, monks, a monk is not skilled in characteristics. And how, monks, is a monk not one who removes the troublesome? Here, monks, a monk a arisen thought of sensual desire he endures, does not abandon, does not dispel, does not make an end of, does not bring to an end. A arisen thought of ill-will... A arisen thought of harm... Any arisen evil unwholesome states he endures, does not abandon, does not dispel, does not make an end of, does not bring to an end. Thus, monks, a monk is not one who removes the troublesome. And how, monks, is a monk not one who covers a wound? Here, monks, a monk having seen a form with the eye, he grasps at the sign, he grasps at the details. Whereby, while the eye-faculty dwells unrestrained, evil unwholesome states of covetousness and distress might flow in upon him. For its restraint he does not practice; he does not guard the eye-faculty, he does not undertake restraint of the eye-faculty. Having heard a sound with the ear... Having smelled an odor with the nose... Having tasted a flavor with the tongue... Having felt a tactile sensation with the body... Having cognized a mental phenomenon with the mind, he grasps at the sign, he grasps at the details. Whereby, while the mind-faculty dwells unrestrained, evil unwholesome states of covetousness and distress might flow in upon him. For its restraint he does not practice; he does not guard the mind-faculty, he does not undertake restraint of the mind-faculty. Thus, monks, a monk is not one who covers a wound. And how, monks, is a monk not one who makes smoke? Here, monks, a monk does not teach to others in detail the Dhamma as he has heard it, as he has learned it. Thus, monks, a monk does not make smoke. it is. And how, monks, does a monk not know the ford? Here, monks, a monk does not approach from time to time and question and inquire of those monks who are learned, who have come with the traditions, who are masters of the Dhamma, masters of the Vinaya, masters of the summaries: 'How is this, venerable sir? What is the meaning of this?' And those venerable ones do not reveal to him what is unrevealed, they do not make clear what is unclear, they do not resolve his doubts concerning various points where doubt arises. Thus, monks, does a monk not know the ford. And how, monks, does a monk not know the drink? Here, monks, when the Dhamma and Vinaya proclaimed by the Tathāgata are being taught, he does not gain a sense of the meaning, he does not gain a sense of the Dhamma, he does not gain joy connected with the Dhamma. Thus, monks, does a monk not know the drink. And how, monks, does a monk not know the path? Here, monks, a monk does not understand the Noble Eightfold Path as it really is. Thus, monks, does a monk not know the path. And how, monks, is a monk not skilled in his pasture? Here, monks, a monk does not understand the four foundations of mindfulness as they really are. Thus, monks, is a monk not skilled in his pasture. And how, monks, is a monk one who milks dry? Here, monks, faithful householders offer and invite a monk with robes, almsfood, lodgings, and requisites for the sick, medicine. There, the monk does not know the measure for acceptance. Thus, monks, is a monk one who milks dry. And how, monks, is a monk not one who honors with extra honor those monks who are elders, long-practiced, long-gone forth, fathers of the Saṅgha, leaders of the Saṅgha? Here, monks, a monk does not maintain a bodily act of loving-kindness towards those monks who are elders, long-practiced, long-gone forth, fathers of the Saṅgha, leaders of the Saṅgha. establishes it openly and secretly, not a friendly verbal action... not a friendly mental action establishes it openly and secretly. Thus, monks, a monk does not honor with special honor those elder monks, long-experienced, long-ordained, fathers of the Sangha, leaders of the Sangha. "Monks, a monk endowed with these eleven qualities is incapable of growth, increase, and abundance in this Dhamma and Discipline. "Monks, a cowherd endowed with eleven factors is capable of tending the herd and making it prosper. Which eleven? Here, monks, a cowherd knows forms, is skilled in characteristics, removes the goad, covers wounds, makes smoke, knows the ford, knows the watering place, knows the path, is skilled in pasturage, milks with a remainder, and honors with special honor those bulls, fathers of the herd, leaders of the herd. Monks, a cowherd endowed with these eleven factors is capable of tending the herd and making it prosper. "Even so, monks, a monk endowed with eleven qualities is capable of growth, increase, and abundance in this Dhamma and Discipline. Which eleven? Here, monks, a monk knows forms, is skilled in characteristics, removes the goad, covers wounds, makes smoke, knows the ford, knows the watering place, knows the path, is skilled in pasturage, milks with a remainder, and honors with special honor those elder monks, long-experienced, long-ordained, fathers of the Sangha, leaders of the Sangha. "And how, monks, does a monk know forms? Here, monks, a monk knows whatever form there is as 'the four great elements, and form derived from the four great elements,' as it actually is. Thus, monks, a monk knows forms. "And how, monks, is a monk skilled in characteristics? Here, monks, a monk truly understands: 'By his deeds is a fool known, by his deeds is a wise one known.' Thus, monks, a monk is skilled in characteristics. And how, monks, is a monk one who gets rid of the troublesome? Here, monks, a monk, an arisen thought of sensual desire does not tolerate, abandons, dispels, makes an end of, brings to an end. An arisen thought of ill-will... An arisen thought of harming... Any arisen evil unwholesome states he does not tolerate, abandons, dispels, makes an end of, brings to an end. Thus, monks, a monk is one who gets rid of the troublesome. And how, monks, is a monk one who covers the wound? Here, monks, a monk, having seen a form with the eye, is not one who grasps at its general appearance or its details. By which, if the eye faculty were to remain unguarded, evil unwholesome states of covetousness and distress might flow in. For its restraint he practices; he guards the eye faculty, he undertakes the restraint of the eye faculty. Having heard a sound with the ear... Having smelled a smell with the nose... Having tasted a taste with the tongue... Having felt a tactile sensation with the body... Having cognized a mental phenomenon with the mind, he is not one who grasps at its general appearance or its details. By which, if the mind faculty were to remain unguarded, evil unwholesome states of covetousness and distress might flow in. For its restraint he practices; he guards the mind faculty, he undertakes the restraint of the mind faculty. Thus, monks, a monk is one who covers the wound. And how, monks, is a monk one who makes smoke? Here, monks, a monk, the Dhamma as he has heard it, as he has learned it, he teaches to others in detail. Thus, monks, a monk is one who makes smoke. And how, monks, does a monk know the ford? Here, monks, a monk, those monks who are learned, who have preserved the traditions, who know the Dhamma, who know the Vinaya, who know the summaries, he approaches them from time to time... approaches, inquires, questions: ‘How is this, venerable sirs? What is its meaning?’ To him, those venerable ones reveal what is unrevealed, make plain what is not plain, and dispel doubt in various matters that are grounds for doubt. Thus, bhikkhus, a bhikkhu knows the ford. “And how, bhikkhus, does a bhikkhu know the drink? Here, bhikkhus, when the Dhamma and Discipline proclaimed by the Tathāgata are being taught, a bhikkhu obtains the joy of the meaning, obtains the joy of the Dhamma, obtains joy connected with the Dhamma. Thus, bhikkhus, a bhikkhu knows the drink. “And how, bhikkhus, does a bhikkhu know the path? Here, bhikkhus, a bhikkhu understands the Noble Eightfold Path as it really is. Thus, bhikkhus, a bhikkhu knows the path. “And how, bhikkhus, is a bhikkhu skilled in the pasture? Here, bhikkhus, a bhikkhu understands the four establishments of mindfulness as they really are. Thus, bhikkhus, a bhikkhu is skilled in the pasture. “And how, bhikkhus, is a bhikkhu one who milks with something left over? Here, bhikkhus, devout householders offer and invite a bhikkhu with robes, almsfood, lodgings, and medicinal requisites for the sick. There, the bhikkhu knows the measure for acceptance. Thus, bhikkhus, a bhikkhu is one who milks with something left over. “And how, bhikkhus, does a bhikkhu honor those bhikkhus who are elders, long-experienced, long-ordained, fathers of the Saṅgha, leaders of the Saṅgha, with extra reverence? Here, bhikkhus, a bhikkhu maintains bodily action of loving-kindness towards those elders, long-experienced, long-ordained, fathers of the Saṅgha, leaders of the Saṅgha, both openly and in private; he maintains verbal action of loving-kindness… he maintains mental action of loving-kindness both openly and in private. Thus, bhikkhus, a bhikkhu honors those bhikkhus who are elders, long-experienced, long-ordained, fathers of the Saṅgha, leaders of the Saṅgha, with extra reverence. “By these, Monks, a monk endowed with eleven qualities is capable in this Dhamma and Discipline