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what are their preparations, what are their arisings? Effort has the condition as its origin, as its source, as its birth, as its springing forth, as its preparation, as its arising. The preliminary act... Revocation… Determination… Spreading… Matrix and impediments… Object… Hopes and no-hopes, Causal origins, Causal arise, Causal birth, Causal source, Causal provisions, Causal arising. 408. By how many factors is the preliminary action comprised? The preliminary action is comprised by seven factors. By washing, By examining, By cutting, By binding, By sewing, By dyeing, By making fit – The preliminary action is comprised by these seven factors. By how many factors is the revocation comprised? The revocation is comprised by three factors – By the double robe, By the upper robe, By the inner robe. By how many factors is the determination comprised? The determination is comprised by three factors – By the double robe, By the upper robe, By the inner robe. By how many factors is the spreading comprised? The spreading is comprised by one factor – By a verbal declaration. How many roots does the Kathina have, how many objects, how many grounds? The Kathina has one root – the Sangha; Three objects – the double robe, the upper robe, the inner robe; Six grounds – linen, cotton, silk, wool, hemp, mixed fabric. What is the beginning of the Kathina, what is the middle, what is the end? The preliminary action is the beginning of the Kathina, The act is the middle, The spreading is the end. 409. Endowed with how many factors is a person unable to spread the Kathina? Endowed with how many factors is a person able to spread the Kathina? Endowed with eight factors is a person unable to spread the Kathina. Endowed with eight factors is a person able to spread the Kathina. Endowed with which eight factors is a person unable to spread the Kathina? Does not know the preliminary action, Does not know the revocation, Does not know the determination, Does not know the spreading, Does not know the matrix, Does not know the impediment, Does not know the removal, Does not know the advantages – Endowed with these eight factors is a person unable to spread the Kathina. to spread. By which eight qualities endowed is a person fit to spread the Kathina? He knows the preliminary act, he knows the withdrawal, he knows the determination, he knows the spreading, he knows the matrix (rules), he knows the impediments, he knows the removal, he knows the benefits – a person endowed with these eight qualities is fit to spread the Kathina. For how many persons do Kathina spreads not take effect? For how many persons do Kathina spreads take effect? For three persons do Kathina spreads not take effect. For three persons do Kathina spreads take effect. For which three persons do Kathina spreads not take effect? One outside the boundary approves, approving, he does not break his silence, breaking his silence, he does not inform another – for these three persons do Kathina spreads not take effect. For which three persons do Kathina spreads take effect? One within the boundary approves, approving, he breaks his silence, breaking his silence, he informs another – for these three persons do Kathina spreads take effect. How many Kathina spreads do not take effect? How many Kathina spreads do take effect? Three Kathina spreads do not take effect. Three Kathina spreads do take effect. Which three Kathina spreads do not take effect? When the material is flawed, and the time is flawed, and the procedure is flawed – these three Kathina spreads do not take effect. Which three Kathina spreads do take effect? When the material is perfect, and the time is perfect, and the procedure is perfect – these three Kathina spreads do take effect. Division of things to be known about Kathina and so on The Kathina should be known, the spreading of Kathina should be known, the month for spreading Kathina should be known, the failure of Kathina spreading should be known, the success of Kathina spreading should be known, the marking act should be known, the discussion should be known, the regret should be known, the accumulation should be known, the forfeiture should be known. "The Kathina should be known" means the collection of just those things... Name, naming, act of naming, designation, expression, indication, declaration, that which is Kathina. The month for spreading Kathina should be known: the last month of the rainy season should be known. The failure of spreading Kathina should be known: in twenty-four ways the failure of spreading Kathina should be known. The success of spreading Kathina should be known: in seventeen ways the success of spreading Kathina should be known. The act of designating should be known: one makes a designation, "With this cloth I will spread Kathina." Preliminary talk should be known: one makes a preliminary talk, "With this preliminary talk I will produce the Kathina cloth." Regret should be known: not accepting should be known. Accumulation should be known: two kinds of accumulation should be known – accumulation for making or accumulation for storing. That which requires relinquishment should be known: while it is being made, dawn rises. The spreading of Kathina should be known: if a Kathina cloth has arisen for the Sangha, how should the Sangha proceed? How should the spreader proceed? How should the approver proceed? By the Sangha, with a motion-and-two-declarations act, it should be given to the monk who spreads the Kathina. By that monk who spreads the Kathina, on that very day, having washed, having cleaned, having examined, having cut, having sewn, having dyed, having made it allowable, the Kathina should be spread. If he desires to spread Kathina with a double-robe, the old double-robe should be relinquished, the new double-robe should be determined. The declaration "With this double-robe I spread Kathina" should be made. If he desires to spread Kathina with an upper-robe, the old upper-robe should be relinquished, the new upper-robe should be determined. The declaration "With this upper-robe I spread Kathina" should be made. If he desires to spread Kathina with an inner-robe, the old inner-robe should be relinquished, the new inner-robe should be determined. With this inner-robe I spread Kathina... The word "I rejoice" should be uttered. Then, the bhikkhu who has spread the Kathina, having approached the Saṅgha, having arranged his upper robe over one shoulder, having raised his joined hands, should say this: "Venerable sirs, the Saṅgha's Kathina has been spread, the spreading of the Kathina is righteous, please rejoice!" Those bhikkhus who rejoice, having arranged their upper robes over one shoulder, having raised their joined hands, should say this: "Friend, the Saṅgha's Kathina has been spread, the spreading of the Kathina is righteous, we rejoice!" Then, the bhikkhu who has spread the Kathina, having approached many bhikkhus, having arranged his upper robe over one shoulder, having raised his joined hands, should say this: "Venerable sirs, the Saṅgha's Kathina has been spread, the spreading of the Kathina is righteous, please rejoice!" Those bhikkhus who rejoice, having arranged their upper robes over one shoulder, having raised their joined hands, should say this: "Friend, the Saṅgha's Kathina has been spread, the spreading of the Kathina is righteous, we rejoice!" Then, the bhikkhu who has spread the Kathina, having approached one bhikkhu, having arranged his upper robe over one shoulder, having raised his joined hands, should say this: "Friend, the Saṅgha's Kathina has been spread, the spreading of the Kathina is righteous, please rejoice!" That bhikkhu who rejoices, having arranged his upper robe over one shoulder, having raised his joined hands, should say this: "Friend, the Saṅgha's Kathina has been spread, the spreading of the Kathina is righteous, I rejoice!" 5. The Spreading of Kathina for an Individual 414. The Saṅgha spreads the Kathina, the group spreads the Kathina, the individual spreads the Kathina. The Saṅgha does not spread the Kathina, the group does not spread the Kathina, the individual spreads the Kathina. If the Saṅgha does not spread the Kathina, if the group does not spread the Kathina, the individual spreads the Kathina. For the Saṅgha, the Kathina is not spread, for the group, the Kathina is not spread, for the individual, the Kathina is spread. The Saṅgha recites the Pātimokkha, the group A person recites the Pātimokkha, a person recites the Pātimokkha. The Sangha does not recite the Pātimokkha, the group does not recite the Pātimokkha. A person recites the Pātimokkha. If the Sangha does not recite the Pātimokkha, if the group does not recite the Pātimokkha, a person recites the Pātimokkha. For the Sangha, the Pātimokkha is unrecited. For the group, the Pātimokkha is unrecited. For the person, the Pātimokkha is recited. By the unity of the Sangha, by the unity of the group, by the recitation of the person, for the Sangha, the Pātimokkha is recited. For the group, the Pātimokkha is recited. For the person, the Pātimokkha is recited. In the same way, the Sangha does not spread the Kathina, the group does not spread the Kathina, a person spreads the Kathina. By the approval of the Sangha, by the approval of the group, by the spreading of the person, for the Sangha, the Kathina is spread. For the group, the Kathina is spread. For the person, the Kathina is spread. 6. Elucidation of Questions on Obstacles. 415. The Kathina withdrawal is by departure, declared by the Kinsman of the Sun. And this I ask you: Which obstacle is cut off first? The Kathina withdrawal is by departure, declared by the Kinsman of the Sun. And this I shall answer you: The robe obstacle is cut off first. With his going outside the boundary, the dwelling obstacle is cut off. The Kathina withdrawal is by completion, declared by the Kinsman of the Sun. And this I ask you: