English
"In the ''vata' affections, the lips are aspe- rous ( herpes upon the lips are common in mala¬ ria., fevers, pneumonia, acute coryza as well as other febrile diseases; cracks or fissures — rhagades —or the scars resulting from them, if occurring in infants or children, are indicative 133. ^ 1 j f^T tni ’Cfii u I 'll*!# I Wi', II g5^g‘f%cn, U i- 304 ANCIENT HINDU MEDICINE of congenital syphilis ; the vertical crack in the middle of the lower lip, as occasionally seen, may be due to defective nutrition or may be associated with stomatitis ), dry ( associated with herpes or gastro-intestinal disorders, numb (labial paralysis or bulbar palsy), blackish ( cyanosis associated with open and dry lips is indicative of dyspnea, due to disease of the heart or lungs, especially the chronic forms as emphysema or failing compensation in valvular lesions; otherwise it may be associated with the associated local diseases of the mouth as stomatitis, glossitis, cacrum oris, phlegmonous tonsilitis, or ^ome form of nasal stenosis), pressed and heated (loose and pendulous lips are suggestive of diphtheritic paralysis, chronic bulhar palsy ; and associated with open lips it is observed in various conditions of prostration, in idiocy and in cases of insanity ). “In the 'pitta' affections of the lips, the lips are bluish ( cyanosed ), bronzed ( in Addison’s disease ), and are covered with many vesicles like mustard seeds which give burning sensation, rupture and exudate ( in aphthous or follicular stomatitis, small vesicles appear on the inner surface of the lips, or cheeks or edges of the tongue and soon rupture, leaving small and DISEASES 305 Tery sensitive superficial grayish ulcers with red areolae ). “In the ^kapha' affections of the lips, the lips are covered with mucous patches like the color of the skin, and they are painless, pruritic, edematous, slippery, tepid and heavy ( flattened, warty outgrowths, strictly delimited, coated with a gray matter, and found at the angles of the mouth, are the mucous patches of the secondary stage of syphilis ; congenital hypertrophy — macrocheilia —is caused by distension of the lymphatic space ). ‘‘In the vitiation of the three humors, the lips are sometimes blackish ( cyanosed ), sometimes bronzed ( in Addison’s disease ), or pallid ( in anemia), and are covered with various kinds ■of eczemas. “In the labial diseases, originating from the derangement of the blood ( vessels ), the lips are covered with tumors which have color like dates ( reddish brown ), and they contain blood and bleeding takes place from them {angioma). “In the labial diseases, from the corruption of flesh, the lips become heavy and swollen, and the tumors appear like meat balls and germs from the edges enlarge the ulceration ( a some¬ what irregular ulcer, usually upon the lower lip, 20 306 ANCIENT HINDU MEDICINE gradually enlarging, recurrently scabbing over and becoming denuded, is probably an epithe¬ lioma ), ‘‘In the adipose labial affection, the lips are pruritic, numb, soft and heavy, and they are bright like the outer layer of clarified butter ; and from them there is a clear exudation like clear crystal (congenital hypertrophy,^ macrocheilia, is caused by distension and dilatation of the lymphatic spaces, the lower lip being frequently affected ). ‘‘In the traumatic lesions of the lips, there is. a terebrant pain, or like that of a wound from an axe, and it becomes like the color of blood ( inflamed ), tumorous ( inflammatory swelling ) and pruritic.” Susmta II. 16. 5-12*®*. 134. I fqv^fir^ I ^ fipnj: I ^ jft tm n \ w^Nqi^ra’iitfvr: ftrfqnfw: i sitfqicnnfl ii < DISEASES 307 , Diseases of the Gum . In *sitada’ tlie gums are bleeding, ulcera¬ tive with foul-smelling exudation, and soft ( spongy ) ; this disease is due to the vitiation of the blood and the ^kapka* (gangrenous stomatitis ). In *d'iiitn-pupputaka* there is an intense pain and swelling at the root of one or two teeth for a time; this is due to the vitiation of the ‘kapha' and the blood. {Gum boils nre usually formed round a foreign particle, especially with the tartar deposit encrusted with the pyogenic bacteria, but their outlet of discharge being closed ). The disease in wliich the teeth become loose, and from the tooth-sockets blood and pus come out, is called ‘danta vestaka' (in pyorrhea alveolaris, the teeth become loosened as the gum '' a, '* s ^ II ll Tiawaft vtfwwra; i 308 ANCIENT HINDU MEDICINE recedes or the pus socket causes necrosis of the tissues at the root. 'I'lie affection is probably due to streptococcal infection of tlie periosteum of the alveoli. Usually it is associated with an excess of tartar deposit or the carious condition of the teeth ). The disease in which the gum has a pruritic and painful inflammation, and salivation, is called the ‘sausira’ ( gingivitis ). The disease in which the teeth are loose in their sockets, the palate is falling ( uvula descendens ) and ulceration in the gum and pain in the buccal cavity, is called the '‘maha- 9 aulra { gangrenous gingivitis ). The disease in which there is ulceration and bleeding of the gum, is called the ‘paridara' ( phlegmonous gingivitis ). The disease in which there is necrosis of the tissues in the sockets, and for this reason the teeth become loose, there is bleeding at the slight pressure of the teeth, but slight pain, and with the bleeding the mouth becomes foul- smelling, is called the ^upakusa' ( chronic hyper'rophic gingivitis ). If strong inflammation follows the trauma¬ tism of the gum, and the teeth become loose, it is called ‘vaidarbha* ^traumatic interstitial ulitis). DISEASES 309 If an extra tootli appears due to the influence of ‘vayu' with intense pain, it is called the ^vat'ddhana' ( wisdom tooth or dens serotinus, the most posterior of the molar teeth appear about the eighteenth year). The pain ceases after the tooth comes out. “The disease in which in the gum of the lower posterior tooth, there is a large neo¬ plasm with intense pain and salivation, is called the ‘adhimanisa' (epithelioma or epulis. Epulis is a fibrous growth and develops in the peri- dontal membrane ; it is often found near a decayed tooth, grows slowly and forms a more or less pedinculated tumor of the same color as the gum ). The tumors of the gum are of five kinds with symptoms similar to those that have been described of the tubular vessels, by the corrup¬ tion of *vai/u, pitta^ kapha, their morbid combi¬ nation or infection’ and they are known as ‘pahcha nadt’ {aloeolai' abscesses are nearly always due to sepsis originating in a decayed tooth. (1) The pus may be limited to' the margin of the gum, forming a tumor. (2) The pus may be slow in forming and there may be a great inflammatory infiltration of the cheek with the edema of the face and spasm of the masseter 310 ANCIENT HINDU MEDICINE and pterygoid muscles. (^1) The pus may ex¬ tend Tvidely beneath the periostenum and cause necrosis of the jaw. (4) A persistent sinus or sinuses may be present if the abscess has burst spontaneously or has been opened externally ; there is eitlier a dead tooth, a portion of a fang or a piece of necrosed bone which keeps open the sinus. (6) The pus may burst into the antrum of tlie upper jaw or extend deeply and widely in the neck)”. Suinita II. 16. 14-24'3*. 135. r ' ^ TO I "3 3: t*. TOT t ?5ritT; u TO^IPHTOW: II Xi. ?fTn^rT^ H f^iT tt; silf^ 33:11 t'®. TOI^?lf^ JI1 I TOstHifh TO*? I TOsil 1*= DISEASES 311 Diseases of the Teeth. “The disease in ■which the tooth becomes blackened and perforated by microbes, due to the vitiation of the blood, and tlie tooth becomes loose accompanied by inflammation of the gum, pain and salivatioA, is called the 'krimi-dantaliof ■dental caries : it is a fact of common observation that caries begin only at spots protected from friction or left uncleansed as (a) pits, grooves and fissures in the enamel; (b) proximal surfaces just above the contact points; (c) surfaces which for any cause are habitually fv ii 161 ?r?: ^ i 'sirafim: ngiiPri u Kw g# ^ airat i H ’aTg ’I?: it 1 strat m*{, i ^ ^ ?Jcn: ^ sirat i ata; g ajitaait aar ■a nanafa ii araiarial a\<5aat fa'a a: ^sFwiw; n aiai; aafen: n 312 ANCIENT HINDU MEDICINE unclean ; (d) necks of the teeth at or near the junction of the cementum and the enamel. In these localities, the oral bacteria, protected from friction, attach themselves to the enamel, forming microbic plaques which are sufficiently adherent to attach themselves, obtaining their food supply from the carbohydrate and the albuminous particles that adhere to those spots and are not thoroughly cleansed. From car¬ bohydrate fermentation, lactic acid is produced and this is prevented from being diluted and washed away; the slightly alkaline salivary secretion by the bacterial plaques and added to it, the enzymes secreted by the bacteria, attack the inorganic matter of the enamel following first the interprismatic cement sub¬ stance between the prisms, later dissolving the transverse cement substance of the globules. The effect is to ‘produce an irregular and roughened surface, and in the process of enamel dissolution and decalcification, the bacteria enter into the crevices and gradually gain access to the dentine. The leptothrix buccalis maxima is invariably associated with more or less streptococci and bacillus buccalis maximus in rapid dental caries).